NURS 6501 FINAL EXAM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVISION HANDBOOK
2026 IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES AND
ORGAN SYSTEM PATHOLOGY
◉ Wide Complex Ventricular Tachycardia.
Answer: Rapid ventricular rhythm with wide QRS complexes.
◉ Narrow Complex Ventricular Tachycardia.
Answer: Rapid ventricular rhythm with narrow QRS complexes.
◉ Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
Answer: Heart muscle disease with unknown cause, leads to
dilation.
◉ Ejection Fraction.
Answer: Percentage of blood pumped from heart per beat.
◉ Mitral Valve Regurgitation.
Answer: Backward flow of blood from left ventricle to atrium.
,◉ Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation.
Answer: Backward flow of blood from right ventricle to atrium.
◉ Bradycardia.
Answer: Heart rate under 60 bpm, can indicate pathology.
◉ Blocked Pathway at AV Node.
Answer: Interruption in electrical conduction below atrioventricular
node.
◉ Blocked Pathway at SA Node.
Answer: Interruption in electrical conduction at sinoatrial node.
◉ Reentry Pathway.
Answer: Electrical impulse reenters a previous conduction pathway.
◉ Paravalvular Leak.
Answer: Leakage around a prosthetic heart valve.
◉ Aortic Stenosis.
Answer: Narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructs blood flow.
,◉ Aortic Regurgitation.
Answer: Inadequate closure of aortic valve, causing backflow.
◉ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).
Answer: Cancer of lymphoid cells, common in children.
◉ Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
Answer: Slow-growing leukemia of mature lymphocytes.
◉ Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML).
Answer: Cancer of myeloid cells, rapid progression.
◉ Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML).
Answer: Slow-growing cancer of myeloid cells, often with
Philadelphia chromosome.
◉ Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia.
Answer: Anemia with small, pale red blood cells.
◉ Hemoglobin Electrophoresis.
Answer: Test to separate different types of hemoglobin.
, ◉ Maxillofacial Deformities.
Answer: Abnormalities in facial structure, often due to anemia.
◉ Beta thalassemia.
Answer: Genetic disorder causing reduced hemoglobin production.
◉ Gastrointestinal blood loss.
Answer: Loss of blood from the digestive tract.
◉ Pernicious anemia.
Answer: Vitamin B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor absence.
◉ Chronic renal failure.
Answer: Progressive loss of kidney function over time.
◉ Macronodular cirrhosis.
Answer: Severe liver scarring affecting liver function.
◉ Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Answer: Insufficient B12 leading to anemia and neurological issues.
◉ Vitamin C deficiency.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REVISION HANDBOOK
2026 IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSES AND
ORGAN SYSTEM PATHOLOGY
◉ Wide Complex Ventricular Tachycardia.
Answer: Rapid ventricular rhythm with wide QRS complexes.
◉ Narrow Complex Ventricular Tachycardia.
Answer: Rapid ventricular rhythm with narrow QRS complexes.
◉ Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
Answer: Heart muscle disease with unknown cause, leads to
dilation.
◉ Ejection Fraction.
Answer: Percentage of blood pumped from heart per beat.
◉ Mitral Valve Regurgitation.
Answer: Backward flow of blood from left ventricle to atrium.
,◉ Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation.
Answer: Backward flow of blood from right ventricle to atrium.
◉ Bradycardia.
Answer: Heart rate under 60 bpm, can indicate pathology.
◉ Blocked Pathway at AV Node.
Answer: Interruption in electrical conduction below atrioventricular
node.
◉ Blocked Pathway at SA Node.
Answer: Interruption in electrical conduction at sinoatrial node.
◉ Reentry Pathway.
Answer: Electrical impulse reenters a previous conduction pathway.
◉ Paravalvular Leak.
Answer: Leakage around a prosthetic heart valve.
◉ Aortic Stenosis.
Answer: Narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructs blood flow.
,◉ Aortic Regurgitation.
Answer: Inadequate closure of aortic valve, causing backflow.
◉ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).
Answer: Cancer of lymphoid cells, common in children.
◉ Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).
Answer: Slow-growing leukemia of mature lymphocytes.
◉ Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML).
Answer: Cancer of myeloid cells, rapid progression.
◉ Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML).
Answer: Slow-growing cancer of myeloid cells, often with
Philadelphia chromosome.
◉ Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia.
Answer: Anemia with small, pale red blood cells.
◉ Hemoglobin Electrophoresis.
Answer: Test to separate different types of hemoglobin.
, ◉ Maxillofacial Deformities.
Answer: Abnormalities in facial structure, often due to anemia.
◉ Beta thalassemia.
Answer: Genetic disorder causing reduced hemoglobin production.
◉ Gastrointestinal blood loss.
Answer: Loss of blood from the digestive tract.
◉ Pernicious anemia.
Answer: Vitamin B12 deficiency due to intrinsic factor absence.
◉ Chronic renal failure.
Answer: Progressive loss of kidney function over time.
◉ Macronodular cirrhosis.
Answer: Severe liver scarring affecting liver function.
◉ Vitamin B12 deficiency.
Answer: Insufficient B12 leading to anemia and neurological issues.
◉ Vitamin C deficiency.
