NURS 6501 FINAL EXAM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026 CELLULAR AND SYSTEMIC
DISEASE MECHANISMS
◉ Lysosomes.
Answer: Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion
when it is released during cell injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi
c reticulum
d. golgi complex
◉ Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates
in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes.
Answer: Ans: B- peroxisomes
,◉ Contain organelles and complex internal membranes.
Answer: The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that
eukaryotes:
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
◉ What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the
mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP
production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the
infrastructure.
Answer: Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) production
◉ Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell.
,Answer: Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
◉ Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of
apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel
cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the
cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies.
Answer: Ans: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell death of
scattered singel cells
◉ During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into
the cell because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into
the cell because:
, B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function
because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium
across the cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside
of the cell.
Answer: Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls
additional sodium across the cell membrane
◉ Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell.
Answer: Which of the following is function of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
◉ Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean
adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of
lean adults
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE STUDY
GUIDE 2026 CELLULAR AND SYSTEMIC
DISEASE MECHANISMS
◉ Lysosomes.
Answer: Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion
when it is released during cell injury?
a. lysosomes
b. ribosomesc. smooth endoplasmi
c reticulum
d. golgi complex
◉ Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates
in an oxidative reaction?
A) lysosomes
B) peroxisomes
C) ribosomes
D) oxyhydrosomes.
Answer: Ans: B- peroxisomes
,◉ Contain organelles and complex internal membranes.
Answer: The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that
eukaryotes:
a. all of these answers are correct
b. are smaller in size
c. contain organelles
d. have no nuclear membrane
◉ What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the
mitochondria?
A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese
B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
production
C) edema from an influx in sodium causes a reduction in ATP
production
D) potassium shifts out of the mitochondria, which destroys the
infrastructure.
Answer: Ans: B- influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) production
◉ Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell.
,Answer: Which of the following is function of Golgi?
a. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
b. Produces ATP for cell function
c. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
d. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
◉ Which statement is a description of one of the characteristics of
apoptosis?
A) apoptosis involves programmed cell death of scattered singel
cells
B) apoptosis is characterized by the swelling of the nucleus and the
cytoplasm
C) apoptosis involves unpredictable patterns of cell death
D) apoptosis results in benign malignancies.
Answer: Ans: A- apoptosis involves programmed cell death of
scattered singel cells
◉ During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into
the cell because:
A) during cell injury cause by hypoxia, sodium and water move into
the cell because:
, B) the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function
because of a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels
C) the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium
across the cell membrane
D) oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside
of the cell.
Answer: Ans: C- the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls
additional sodium across the cell membrane
◉ Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell.
Answer: Which of the following is function of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum?
a. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
b. Is the site of protein synthesis in a cell
c. Packages protein for secretion to the outside of the cell
d. Produces ATP for cell function
◉ Obesity creates a greater risk for dehydration in people because:
A) adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
B) the metabolic rates of obese adults are slower than those of lean
adults
C) the rates of urine output of obese adults are higher than thos of
lean adults
