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47
s2
iu
en
dyg
tu
, Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Role of the Public Accountant in the American Economy
tu
Chapter 2: Professional Standards
Chapter 3: Professional Ethics
Sd
Chapter 4: Legal Liability of CPAs
TyU
Chapter 5: Audit Evidence and Documentation
Chapter 6: Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding
gVe
Chapter 7: Internal Control
IAn
Chapter 8: Consideration of Internal Control in an Information Technology Environment
Chapter 9: Audit Sampling
_iuA
Chapter 10: Cash and Financial Investments
Chapter 11: Accounts Receivable, Notes Receivable, and Revenue
sP
Chapter 12: Inventories and Cost of Goods Sold
2P4
Chapter 13: Property, Plant, and Equipment: Depreciation and Depletion
R7O
Chapter 14: Accounts Payable and Other Liabilities
Chapter 15: Debt and Equity Capital
?V?
Chapter 16: Auditing Operations and Completing the Audit
Chapter 17: Auditors’ Reports
E?D?
Chapter 18: Integrated Audits of Public Companies
Chapter 19: Additional Assurance Services: Historical Financial Information
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Chapter 20: Additional Assurance Services: Other Information
Chapter 21: Internal, Operational, and Compliance Auditing
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, The Role of the
Public Accountant in the
American Economy
tu
CHAPTER 1
Sd
Review Questions
TyU
1-1 The ―crisis of credibilityǁ largely arose from the number of companies that restated their previously
issued financial statements as a result of accounting irregularities and fraud. Especially responsible were
the very visible Enron and WorldCom fraud cases. Both companies filed for bankruptcy and constituted
gVe
the largest companies in American history to do so. The extent of the accounting irregularities and fraud
being investigated and disclosed brought into question the effectiveness of financial statement audits. In
addition, the criminal conviction of Arthur Andersen, LLP, one of the then Big 5 accounting firms, on
charges of destroying documents related to the Enron case brought into question the ethics standards of
IAn
the profession.
1-2 Assurance services are professional services that enhance the quality of information, or its context, for
decision-making. The two types are: (a) those that increase the reliability of information and (b) those
_iuA
that involve putting information in a form or context that facilitates decision-making.
1-3 A financial statement audit is, by far, the most common type of attest engagement. The overall assertion,
made by management, most frequently is that the financial statements follow generally accepted
sP
accounting principles.
2P4
1-4 A large corporation with securities listed on a stock exchange is required by the rules of the stock
exchange and by the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission to provide an audit report with the
annual financial statements furnished to its stockholders. It also is required to engage the auditors to
R7O
provide an opinion on its internal control. Apart from legal requirements, however, a large listed
corporation recognizes that it must maintain investor confidence in the reliability of its financial
statements and internal control over financial reporting if it is to continue to be able to secure capital
from the public. The report by a firm of certified public accountants adds credibility to the financial
statements prepared by the corporation. When a small family-owned enterprise elects to have an audit,
?V?
the purpose usually is to use the auditors' report to support an application for a bank loan.
E?D?
????
??
, 1-5 A report by an independent public accountant concerning the fairness of a company's financial statements
is commonly required in the following situations:
(1) Application for a bank loan.
(2) Establishing credit for purchase of merchandise, equipment, or other assets.
tu
(3) Reporting operating results, financial position, and cash flows to absentee owners (stockholders
or partners).
(4) Issuance of securities by a corporation.
Sd
(5) Annual financial statements by a corporation with securities listed on a stock exchange or traded
over the counter.
TyU
(6) Sale of an ongoing business.
(7) Termination of a partnership.
1-6 To add credibility to financial statements is to increase the likelihood that they have been prepared
gVe
following the appropriate criteria, usually generally accepted accounting principles. As such, an increase
in credibility results in financial statements that can be believed and relied upon by third parties.
1-7 Business risk is the risk that the investment will be impaired because a company invested in is unable to
IAn
meet its financial obligations due to economic conditions or poor management decisions. Information
risk is the risk that the information used to assess business risk is not accurate. Auditors can directly
reduce information risk, but have only limited effect on business risk.
_iuA
1-8 At the beginning of the century, the principal objective of auditing was the prevention and detection of
fraud. Audit work centered on the balance sheet, because the income statement was regarded as highly
confidential and not for public disclosure. Today, the principal objective of auditing is to form an
opinion on the fairness of financial statements and their conformity with generally accepted accounting
sP
principles. But the professional standards also require that an audit be designed to provide reasonable
assurance of detecting material misstatements, due to errors or fraud. Particular emphasis is placed on
2P4
the income statement which is of great importance to investors. Auditing today also has the objectives of
meeting the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board for public companies.
R7O
1-9 The statement is incorrect. The increasing integrated databases of today, along with available audit
procedures make audited entire populations a possibility in many situations.
1-10 An operational audit attempts to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of a specific unit of an
?V?
organization. It involves more subjective judgments than a compliance audit or an audit of financial
statements because the criteria of effectiveness and efficiency of departmental performance are not as
clearly established as are many laws and regulations or generally accepted accounting principles.
E?D?
The report prepared after completion of an operational audit is usually directed to management
of the organization in which the audit work was done.
1-11 A compliance audit is an audit to determine whether financial reports or other assertions are in
compliance with established criteria. The necessary ingredients are verifiable data and the existence of
????
standards established by an authoritative body. An operational audit, on the other hand, is a review of a
department or other unit of a business or governmental organization to measure the effectiveness and
efficiency of operations. Internal auditors often perform operational audits as do auditors employed by
the Government Accountability Office (GAO) of the federal government.
1-12 Internal auditors must be independent of the department heads and other line executives whose work they
??
review. However, internal auditors are not independent in the same sense as a public accounting firm.
??
??
??
47
s2
iu
en
dyg
tu
, Table of Contents
Chapter 1: The Role of the Public Accountant in the American Economy
tu
Chapter 2: Professional Standards
Chapter 3: Professional Ethics
Sd
Chapter 4: Legal Liability of CPAs
TyU
Chapter 5: Audit Evidence and Documentation
Chapter 6: Audit Planning, Understanding the Client, Assessing Risks, and Responding
gVe
Chapter 7: Internal Control
IAn
Chapter 8: Consideration of Internal Control in an Information Technology Environment
Chapter 9: Audit Sampling
_iuA
Chapter 10: Cash and Financial Investments
Chapter 11: Accounts Receivable, Notes Receivable, and Revenue
sP
Chapter 12: Inventories and Cost of Goods Sold
2P4
Chapter 13: Property, Plant, and Equipment: Depreciation and Depletion
R7O
Chapter 14: Accounts Payable and Other Liabilities
Chapter 15: Debt and Equity Capital
?V?
Chapter 16: Auditing Operations and Completing the Audit
Chapter 17: Auditors’ Reports
E?D?
Chapter 18: Integrated Audits of Public Companies
Chapter 19: Additional Assurance Services: Historical Financial Information
????
Chapter 20: Additional Assurance Services: Other Information
Chapter 21: Internal, Operational, and Compliance Auditing
??
, The Role of the
Public Accountant in the
American Economy
tu
CHAPTER 1
Sd
Review Questions
TyU
1-1 The ―crisis of credibilityǁ largely arose from the number of companies that restated their previously
issued financial statements as a result of accounting irregularities and fraud. Especially responsible were
the very visible Enron and WorldCom fraud cases. Both companies filed for bankruptcy and constituted
gVe
the largest companies in American history to do so. The extent of the accounting irregularities and fraud
being investigated and disclosed brought into question the effectiveness of financial statement audits. In
addition, the criminal conviction of Arthur Andersen, LLP, one of the then Big 5 accounting firms, on
charges of destroying documents related to the Enron case brought into question the ethics standards of
IAn
the profession.
1-2 Assurance services are professional services that enhance the quality of information, or its context, for
decision-making. The two types are: (a) those that increase the reliability of information and (b) those
_iuA
that involve putting information in a form or context that facilitates decision-making.
1-3 A financial statement audit is, by far, the most common type of attest engagement. The overall assertion,
made by management, most frequently is that the financial statements follow generally accepted
sP
accounting principles.
2P4
1-4 A large corporation with securities listed on a stock exchange is required by the rules of the stock
exchange and by the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission to provide an audit report with the
annual financial statements furnished to its stockholders. It also is required to engage the auditors to
R7O
provide an opinion on its internal control. Apart from legal requirements, however, a large listed
corporation recognizes that it must maintain investor confidence in the reliability of its financial
statements and internal control over financial reporting if it is to continue to be able to secure capital
from the public. The report by a firm of certified public accountants adds credibility to the financial
statements prepared by the corporation. When a small family-owned enterprise elects to have an audit,
?V?
the purpose usually is to use the auditors' report to support an application for a bank loan.
E?D?
????
??
, 1-5 A report by an independent public accountant concerning the fairness of a company's financial statements
is commonly required in the following situations:
(1) Application for a bank loan.
(2) Establishing credit for purchase of merchandise, equipment, or other assets.
tu
(3) Reporting operating results, financial position, and cash flows to absentee owners (stockholders
or partners).
(4) Issuance of securities by a corporation.
Sd
(5) Annual financial statements by a corporation with securities listed on a stock exchange or traded
over the counter.
TyU
(6) Sale of an ongoing business.
(7) Termination of a partnership.
1-6 To add credibility to financial statements is to increase the likelihood that they have been prepared
gVe
following the appropriate criteria, usually generally accepted accounting principles. As such, an increase
in credibility results in financial statements that can be believed and relied upon by third parties.
1-7 Business risk is the risk that the investment will be impaired because a company invested in is unable to
IAn
meet its financial obligations due to economic conditions or poor management decisions. Information
risk is the risk that the information used to assess business risk is not accurate. Auditors can directly
reduce information risk, but have only limited effect on business risk.
_iuA
1-8 At the beginning of the century, the principal objective of auditing was the prevention and detection of
fraud. Audit work centered on the balance sheet, because the income statement was regarded as highly
confidential and not for public disclosure. Today, the principal objective of auditing is to form an
opinion on the fairness of financial statements and their conformity with generally accepted accounting
sP
principles. But the professional standards also require that an audit be designed to provide reasonable
assurance of detecting material misstatements, due to errors or fraud. Particular emphasis is placed on
2P4
the income statement which is of great importance to investors. Auditing today also has the objectives of
meeting the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board for public companies.
R7O
1-9 The statement is incorrect. The increasing integrated databases of today, along with available audit
procedures make audited entire populations a possibility in many situations.
1-10 An operational audit attempts to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of a specific unit of an
?V?
organization. It involves more subjective judgments than a compliance audit or an audit of financial
statements because the criteria of effectiveness and efficiency of departmental performance are not as
clearly established as are many laws and regulations or generally accepted accounting principles.
E?D?
The report prepared after completion of an operational audit is usually directed to management
of the organization in which the audit work was done.
1-11 A compliance audit is an audit to determine whether financial reports or other assertions are in
compliance with established criteria. The necessary ingredients are verifiable data and the existence of
????
standards established by an authoritative body. An operational audit, on the other hand, is a review of a
department or other unit of a business or governmental organization to measure the effectiveness and
efficiency of operations. Internal auditors often perform operational audits as do auditors employed by
the Government Accountability Office (GAO) of the federal government.
1-12 Internal auditors must be independent of the department heads and other line executives whose work they
??
review. However, internal auditors are not independent in the same sense as a public accounting firm.
