End-Tidal CO2 Levels
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- As oxygen is entering tissues and blood, CO2 is being removed and
excreted by the lungs
- What we breathe out can be measured as end tidal CO2 (also shows
metabolism)
· Higher levels indicate poor gas exchange (retain CO2)
· Low levels may indicate hyperventilation
How Cardiac Output (CO) would be affected in someone with an acute MI?
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, - If the heart is not getting enough oxygen supply and cells are dying, this
will decrease contractility (not able to squeeze the muscle to eject blood)
- If there is decreased contractility this also decreases Stroke volume
(amount of blood pushed out of the ventricle) and CO decreases
- Cardiogenic shock can happen after/during an MI when the heart fails to
pump blood effectively leading to low BP and low organ perfusion.
Infective Endocarditis Clinical Manifestations
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fever, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, murmur, vascular manifestations (splinter
hemorrhages, janeway lesions, oslar nodes, petechiae, roth spots), clots in
major organs like the lungs, brain, kidney, spleen
Cheyne Stokes
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abnormal breathing pattern; periods of dyspnea (SOB) and apnea
(breathing randomly stops and starts)
Afterload
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, The resistance to ejection of blood from the left ventricle. It is the load the
muscle must move during contraction
PNS vs SNS
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PNS: rest and digest
SNS: fight or flight
Infective Endocarditis Etiology
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- Inflammation of the endocardium (inner layer of the heart). 80% of cases
are caused by bacteria
- Increased risk in people with heart disease
Contractility
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the ability of the myocardium to increase the extent and force of the
muscle fiber shortening independent of preload/afterload
Give this one a try later!
- As oxygen is entering tissues and blood, CO2 is being removed and
excreted by the lungs
- What we breathe out can be measured as end tidal CO2 (also shows
metabolism)
· Higher levels indicate poor gas exchange (retain CO2)
· Low levels may indicate hyperventilation
How Cardiac Output (CO) would be affected in someone with an acute MI?
Give this one a try later!
, - If the heart is not getting enough oxygen supply and cells are dying, this
will decrease contractility (not able to squeeze the muscle to eject blood)
- If there is decreased contractility this also decreases Stroke volume
(amount of blood pushed out of the ventricle) and CO decreases
- Cardiogenic shock can happen after/during an MI when the heart fails to
pump blood effectively leading to low BP and low organ perfusion.
Infective Endocarditis Clinical Manifestations
Give this one a try later!
fever, fatigue, weakness, anorexia, murmur, vascular manifestations (splinter
hemorrhages, janeway lesions, oslar nodes, petechiae, roth spots), clots in
major organs like the lungs, brain, kidney, spleen
Cheyne Stokes
Give this one a try later!
abnormal breathing pattern; periods of dyspnea (SOB) and apnea
(breathing randomly stops and starts)
Afterload
Give this one a try later!
, The resistance to ejection of blood from the left ventricle. It is the load the
muscle must move during contraction
PNS vs SNS
Give this one a try later!
PNS: rest and digest
SNS: fight or flight
Infective Endocarditis Etiology
Give this one a try later!
- Inflammation of the endocardium (inner layer of the heart). 80% of cases
are caused by bacteria
- Increased risk in people with heart disease
Contractility
Give this one a try later!
the ability of the myocardium to increase the extent and force of the
muscle fiber shortening independent of preload/afterload
