ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION
||LATEST UPDATE 2026
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage -Correct Answer
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function -Correct Answer
The Normal Cell Cycle -Correct Answer-The cell cycle refers to the
ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase -Correct AnswerCell division produces two
identical cells through these two major phases
During interphase: -Correct AnswerCell grows and DNA is replicated
through the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) -Correct Answer-cells increase in size
,-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) -Correct Answer-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) -Correct Answer-Replicated chromosomes are
aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from -Correct Answer-
G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
,Restriction Point -Correct Answer-The transition from the resting phase
into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation
can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction
point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to
send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) -Correct Answer-After mitosis, cells may enter
back into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) -Correct
Answer-Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time -Correct AnswerAmount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -Correct
Answerhttp://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0
/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
, Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control -Correct
Answer-The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division
can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to
cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: -
Correct Answer1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell
cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs -Correct Answer-(G0-
G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
||LATEST UPDATE 2026
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage -Correct Answer
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function -Correct Answer
The Normal Cell Cycle -Correct Answer-The cell cycle refers to the
ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase -Correct AnswerCell division produces two
identical cells through these two major phases
During interphase: -Correct AnswerCell grows and DNA is replicated
through the following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) -Correct Answer-cells increase in size
,-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) -Correct Answer-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) -Correct Answer-Replicated chromosomes are
aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from -Correct Answer-
G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
,Restriction Point -Correct Answer-The transition from the resting phase
into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation
can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction
point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to
send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) -Correct Answer-After mitosis, cells may enter
back into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) -Correct
Answer-Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time -Correct AnswerAmount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -Correct
Answerhttp://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0
/chapter2/animation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
, Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control -Correct
Answer-The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division
can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to
cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: -
Correct Answer1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell
cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs -Correct Answer-(G0-
G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
