Beleid en besluitvorming
,Inhoud
College 1 – De groene en de rode draad................................................................................................7
Hoorcollege........................................................................................................................................7
Voorwaarden voor de groene draadpraktijk..................................................................................8
Obstakels........................................................................................................................................9
Het beleidsproces.........................................................................................................................10
Elster (2007).....................................................................................................................................12
Mechanisms..................................................................................................................................12
College 2 – Rationele model (theorie)..................................................................................................13
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................13
Rationalistische benadering: kennis is macht...............................................................................13
Netwerkbenadering: samen sterk................................................................................................13
Institutionele benadering: regels en gewoontes; ‘Dat doen we altijd zo’.....................................13
‘Beleid’ volgens Hoogerwerf.........................................................................................................13
Fasen beleidsproces.....................................................................................................................13
Analyse van probleemsituatie (als onderdeel van beleidsvoorbereiding)....................................14
Enkele aspecten van formuleren van doelstellingen (als onderdeel van beleidsvoorbereiding). .14
Indeling beleidsinstrumenten.......................................................................................................14
Afwegen van kosten en baten (als onderdeel beleidsvoorbereiding)...........................................15
Doelboom....................................................................................................................................15
Hoogerwerf.......................................................................................................................................16
Benaderingen van beleid..............................................................................................................16
Winter..............................................................................................................................................19
College 3 – Rationele model (praktijk)..................................................................................................21
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................21
Wat is en doet een rekenkamer?..................................................................................................21
Hoe doet een rekenkamer een beleidsevaluatie?........................................................................21
En hoe wordt dat door het bestuur ontvangen?..........................................................................22
Rekenkamer......................................................................................................................................24
Typen beleidsvorming..................................................................................................................24
Typen resultaat.............................................................................................................................24
Van der Knaap..................................................................................................................................26
College 4 – Het probleem van de problemen.......................................................................................28
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................28
Kenmerken van wicked problems.................................................................................................28
, Rittel & Webber................................................................................................................................31
Professionals.................................................................................................................................31
Doelformulering...........................................................................................................................31
Probleemstelling...........................................................................................................................31
Overview van de modules 1 t/m 4........................................................................................................32
Module 1..........................................................................................................................................32
De groene en de rode draad.........................................................................................................32
Module 2..........................................................................................................................................32
De groene draad: het rationele model.........................................................................................32
Module 3..........................................................................................................................................32
De groene draad (praktijk)............................................................................................................32
Module 4.........................................................................................................................................33
Wicked problems..........................................................................................................................33
College 5 – Beleid en irrationaliteit......................................................................................................34
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................34
Rationeel model...........................................................................................................................34
Irrationeel ‘model’........................................................................................................................34
Heuristics and biases....................................................................................................................34
Anchoring & adjustment heuristic................................................................................................34
Availability heuristic......................................................................................................................34
Representativeness heuristic........................................................................................................35
Oorzaken zien als er niets te verklaren valt..................................................................................35
Hindsight bias...............................................................................................................................35
Heuristic en irrationele keuzen.....................................................................................................35
Irrationaliteit en beleid.................................................................................................................37
Irrationaliteit en beleidsvorming..................................................................................................37
‘’Nudge’’.......................................................................................................................................37
Gowda..............................................................................................................................................41
The availability heuristic/beschikbaarheid heuristiek...................................................................41
The representativeness heuristic/representativiteit heuristiek....................................................41
Hindsight bias...............................................................................................................................41
Framing.........................................................................................................................................41
Reference point effects/referentiekader effect............................................................................41
Risk seeking in domain of losses/het opzoeken van risico’s in het domein van verliezen............41
Loss aversion, the status quo bias and the endowment effect/ Verliesaversie, de status quo bias
en het schenkingseffect................................................................................................................41
, Certainty effect and zero risk bias/zekerheidseffect en geen-risico vooroordeel.........................41
Loewenstein & Brennan...................................................................................................................42
Concepts of behavorial economics...............................................................................................42
Using behavorial economics to change behavior.........................................................................42
Johnson............................................................................................................................................43
Abstract........................................................................................................................................43
Abadie..............................................................................................................................................44
Abstract........................................................................................................................................44
College 6 – Capture..............................................................................................................................45
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................45
Beleidsverandering en capture.....................................................................................................45
Jones & Baumgartner.......................................................................................................................48
Punctuated Equilibrium Theory....................................................................................................48
Baumgartner e.a...............................................................................................................................49
Hoofdstuk 1..................................................................................................................................49
College 7 – Collusie...............................................................................................................................50
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................50
Collusie (samenzwering)...............................................................................................................50
Conclusie......................................................................................................................................51
Van den Heuvel................................................................................................................................52
Shover...............................................................................................................................................53
Van de Bunt & Huisman....................................................................................................................54
College 8 – Padafhankelijkheid.............................................................................................................55
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................55
Waarom is het zo lastig om bestaand beleid te veranderen?.......................................................55
Toenemende meeropbrengsten (uitstapje naar de economie)....................................................55
Vertaling naar de politicologie......................................................................................................55
De theorie van padafhankelijkheid...............................................................................................55
Path dependency en path creation...............................................................................................56
Endogene verandering..................................................................................................................56
vormen van graduele verandering................................................................................................56
Afsluiting.......................................................................................................................................56
Pierson..............................................................................................................................................57
Padafhankelijkheid.......................................................................................................................57
Pierson..............................................................................................................................................58
Overview van de modules 5 t/m 8........................................................................................................59
,Inhoud
College 1 – De groene en de rode draad................................................................................................7
Hoorcollege........................................................................................................................................7
Voorwaarden voor de groene draadpraktijk..................................................................................8
Obstakels........................................................................................................................................9
Het beleidsproces.........................................................................................................................10
Elster (2007).....................................................................................................................................12
Mechanisms..................................................................................................................................12
College 2 – Rationele model (theorie)..................................................................................................13
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................13
Rationalistische benadering: kennis is macht...............................................................................13
Netwerkbenadering: samen sterk................................................................................................13
Institutionele benadering: regels en gewoontes; ‘Dat doen we altijd zo’.....................................13
‘Beleid’ volgens Hoogerwerf.........................................................................................................13
Fasen beleidsproces.....................................................................................................................13
Analyse van probleemsituatie (als onderdeel van beleidsvoorbereiding)....................................14
Enkele aspecten van formuleren van doelstellingen (als onderdeel van beleidsvoorbereiding). .14
Indeling beleidsinstrumenten.......................................................................................................14
Afwegen van kosten en baten (als onderdeel beleidsvoorbereiding)...........................................15
Doelboom....................................................................................................................................15
Hoogerwerf.......................................................................................................................................16
Benaderingen van beleid..............................................................................................................16
Winter..............................................................................................................................................19
College 3 – Rationele model (praktijk)..................................................................................................21
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................21
Wat is en doet een rekenkamer?..................................................................................................21
Hoe doet een rekenkamer een beleidsevaluatie?........................................................................21
En hoe wordt dat door het bestuur ontvangen?..........................................................................22
Rekenkamer......................................................................................................................................24
Typen beleidsvorming..................................................................................................................24
Typen resultaat.............................................................................................................................24
Van der Knaap..................................................................................................................................26
College 4 – Het probleem van de problemen.......................................................................................28
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................28
Kenmerken van wicked problems.................................................................................................28
, Rittel & Webber................................................................................................................................31
Professionals.................................................................................................................................31
Doelformulering...........................................................................................................................31
Probleemstelling...........................................................................................................................31
Overview van de modules 1 t/m 4........................................................................................................32
Module 1..........................................................................................................................................32
De groene en de rode draad.........................................................................................................32
Module 2..........................................................................................................................................32
De groene draad: het rationele model.........................................................................................32
Module 3..........................................................................................................................................32
De groene draad (praktijk)............................................................................................................32
Module 4.........................................................................................................................................33
Wicked problems..........................................................................................................................33
College 5 – Beleid en irrationaliteit......................................................................................................34
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................34
Rationeel model...........................................................................................................................34
Irrationeel ‘model’........................................................................................................................34
Heuristics and biases....................................................................................................................34
Anchoring & adjustment heuristic................................................................................................34
Availability heuristic......................................................................................................................34
Representativeness heuristic........................................................................................................35
Oorzaken zien als er niets te verklaren valt..................................................................................35
Hindsight bias...............................................................................................................................35
Heuristic en irrationele keuzen.....................................................................................................35
Irrationaliteit en beleid.................................................................................................................37
Irrationaliteit en beleidsvorming..................................................................................................37
‘’Nudge’’.......................................................................................................................................37
Gowda..............................................................................................................................................41
The availability heuristic/beschikbaarheid heuristiek...................................................................41
The representativeness heuristic/representativiteit heuristiek....................................................41
Hindsight bias...............................................................................................................................41
Framing.........................................................................................................................................41
Reference point effects/referentiekader effect............................................................................41
Risk seeking in domain of losses/het opzoeken van risico’s in het domein van verliezen............41
Loss aversion, the status quo bias and the endowment effect/ Verliesaversie, de status quo bias
en het schenkingseffect................................................................................................................41
, Certainty effect and zero risk bias/zekerheidseffect en geen-risico vooroordeel.........................41
Loewenstein & Brennan...................................................................................................................42
Concepts of behavorial economics...............................................................................................42
Using behavorial economics to change behavior.........................................................................42
Johnson............................................................................................................................................43
Abstract........................................................................................................................................43
Abadie..............................................................................................................................................44
Abstract........................................................................................................................................44
College 6 – Capture..............................................................................................................................45
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................45
Beleidsverandering en capture.....................................................................................................45
Jones & Baumgartner.......................................................................................................................48
Punctuated Equilibrium Theory....................................................................................................48
Baumgartner e.a...............................................................................................................................49
Hoofdstuk 1..................................................................................................................................49
College 7 – Collusie...............................................................................................................................50
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................50
Collusie (samenzwering)...............................................................................................................50
Conclusie......................................................................................................................................51
Van den Heuvel................................................................................................................................52
Shover...............................................................................................................................................53
Van de Bunt & Huisman....................................................................................................................54
College 8 – Padafhankelijkheid.............................................................................................................55
Hoorcollege......................................................................................................................................55
Waarom is het zo lastig om bestaand beleid te veranderen?.......................................................55
Toenemende meeropbrengsten (uitstapje naar de economie)....................................................55
Vertaling naar de politicologie......................................................................................................55
De theorie van padafhankelijkheid...............................................................................................55
Path dependency en path creation...............................................................................................56
Endogene verandering..................................................................................................................56
vormen van graduele verandering................................................................................................56
Afsluiting.......................................................................................................................................56
Pierson..............................................................................................................................................57
Padafhankelijkheid.......................................................................................................................57
Pierson..............................................................................................................................................58
Overview van de modules 5 t/m 8........................................................................................................59
