NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 2 SET
1 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
antibiotic resistance - correct answer-the evolution of
populations of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics are unable to
kill
Role of vaccines - correct answer--stimulates the body's
immune response
-prepare the immune system for future attack
-only way to control the spread of viral disease
Influenza: incubation, etiology, modes of transmission,
pathogenesis, clinical manifestations - correct answer-I: 1-4
days
E: single strand RNA virus, types A, B, C
Trans: airborne droplets or direct contact w/ infected hands -
adults contagious first 3-5 days, children up to 10 days.
Patho: Virus inhaled --> degrades mucous layer of respiratory
system --> hemagglutinin infects cells of UR/LR system--
>necrosis of superficial resp cells. Does not go beyond resp
system. Immunity is IgA function. i.e. H1N1
CM: fever, myalsias, malaise, dry cough, HA
,Complications: secondary bacterial infection, pneumonia,
febrile seizure, encephalitis, myocarditis
Measles: incubation, etiology, modes of transmission,
pathogenesis, clinical manifestations - correct answer-I: 6-19
days
E: virus rubeola, systemic infection causes immune
suppression
Trans: spread via resp droplets (alive 2 hrs) and contagious for
5 days before rash until 4 days after.
Patho:
CM: fever, malaise, anorexia, conjunctivitis, cough,
photophobia, rash
Complications: diarrhea, encephalitis, systemic immune
suppression, pheumonia
HIV: incubation, etiology, modes of transmission - correct
answer-I: 12 weeks after exposure
E: HIV 1 or HIV 2 - HIV 2 less virulent (west Africa)
Trans: blood born pathogen - IV drug use, blood products,
sexual encounters, mom to baby
, HIV pathogenesis - correct answer-Structure: viral envelope w/
protruding protein, has enzyme for replication
Target: CD4 cell
HIV protein binds to CD4 cell at the CD4 receptor plus one
other receptor (CCR% or CXCR4)
viral RNA injected into cytoplasm, capsid removed + reverse
transcriptase--> DNA--> nucleus + integrase --> integrated into
host DNA
Transcription: DNA makes new viral RNA
Translation: new viral proteins produced
+Protease--> buds through cell membrane --> infect more CD4
CD4 numbers will eventually decrease
Importance of CD4 cells - correct answer-*CD4 is the main cell
which triggers immune response. W/) sufficient CD4 cells,
antigens cannot be recognized thus immune response is not
initiated leaving the host susceptible to opportunistic infections
HIV drug classes - correct answer-Nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)
Protease Inhibitors
CCR5 Inhibitors
Fusion Inhibitor
1 2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED ANSWERS.
antibiotic resistance - correct answer-the evolution of
populations of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics are unable to
kill
Role of vaccines - correct answer--stimulates the body's
immune response
-prepare the immune system for future attack
-only way to control the spread of viral disease
Influenza: incubation, etiology, modes of transmission,
pathogenesis, clinical manifestations - correct answer-I: 1-4
days
E: single strand RNA virus, types A, B, C
Trans: airborne droplets or direct contact w/ infected hands -
adults contagious first 3-5 days, children up to 10 days.
Patho: Virus inhaled --> degrades mucous layer of respiratory
system --> hemagglutinin infects cells of UR/LR system--
>necrosis of superficial resp cells. Does not go beyond resp
system. Immunity is IgA function. i.e. H1N1
CM: fever, myalsias, malaise, dry cough, HA
,Complications: secondary bacterial infection, pneumonia,
febrile seizure, encephalitis, myocarditis
Measles: incubation, etiology, modes of transmission,
pathogenesis, clinical manifestations - correct answer-I: 6-19
days
E: virus rubeola, systemic infection causes immune
suppression
Trans: spread via resp droplets (alive 2 hrs) and contagious for
5 days before rash until 4 days after.
Patho:
CM: fever, malaise, anorexia, conjunctivitis, cough,
photophobia, rash
Complications: diarrhea, encephalitis, systemic immune
suppression, pheumonia
HIV: incubation, etiology, modes of transmission - correct
answer-I: 12 weeks after exposure
E: HIV 1 or HIV 2 - HIV 2 less virulent (west Africa)
Trans: blood born pathogen - IV drug use, blood products,
sexual encounters, mom to baby
, HIV pathogenesis - correct answer-Structure: viral envelope w/
protruding protein, has enzyme for replication
Target: CD4 cell
HIV protein binds to CD4 cell at the CD4 receptor plus one
other receptor (CCR% or CXCR4)
viral RNA injected into cytoplasm, capsid removed + reverse
transcriptase--> DNA--> nucleus + integrase --> integrated into
host DNA
Transcription: DNA makes new viral RNA
Translation: new viral proteins produced
+Protease--> buds through cell membrane --> infect more CD4
CD4 numbers will eventually decrease
Importance of CD4 cells - correct answer-*CD4 is the main cell
which triggers immune response. W/) sufficient CD4 cells,
antigens cannot be recognized thus immune response is not
initiated leaving the host susceptible to opportunistic infections
HIV drug classes - correct answer-Nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)
Protease Inhibitors
CCR5 Inhibitors
Fusion Inhibitor
