Hondros PN Bio 117 Final Exam 2026-2027 Questions and Answers
allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium to bypass
pulmonary circulation - ANSWER foramen ovale
carries blood from the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava; allows some blood to
bypass the liver - ANSWER ductus venosus
atrial contraction; systole; p wave - ANSWER atrial depolarization
max volume of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation - ANSWER
vital capacity
allows blood in pulmonary artery to flow directly into the descending aorta to
bypass the pulmonary circulation - ANSWER ductus arteriosus
ventricular relaxtion; diastole; t wave - ANSWER ventricular repolarization
most important stimulus for the release of aldosterone - ANSWER renin
volume of air in lungs following maximal inhalation - ANSWER total lung
capacity
provides oxygenated blood to brain - ANSWER circle of willis
aorta; left pulmonary veins; left atrium; left ventricle; bicuspid - ANSWER
structures that carry oxygenated blood (left heart)
pulmonary arteries; vena cava; right atrium; right ventricle; tricuspid - ANSWER
structures that carry unoxygenated blood (right heart)
transport unoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta - ANSWER
umbilical arteries
transports oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus - ANSWER umbilical
vein
volume of air that remains in lung after forceful exhalation - ANSWER residual
volume
ventricular contraction; systole; qrs complex - ANSWER ventricular
depolarization
located between left ventricle and left aorta - ANSWER aortic semilunar valve
,located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery - ANSWER pulmonic
semilunar
two semilunar valves - ANSWER pulmonary and aortic
pushes blood out of the heart into the pulmonary trunk-lungs - ANSWER right
ventricle
stimulates peristalsis in muscle layer of digestive tract - ANSWER parasystemic
system-smooth muscle
decreases thoracic and lung volume and increases pressure in the lungs - ANSWER
on exhalation
space between the vocal cords - ANSWER glottis/rima glottidis
vagus nerve effects - ANSWER sa node
pacemaker of the heart - ANSWER SA node
right heart pumps blood to the - ANSWER pulmonary circulation
acetylcholine; rest; decrease temp; hyperkalemia; hypocalcemia; parasympathetic
nervous system - ANSWER factors that decrease heart rate
norepinephrine; epinephrine; stress; increase in temp; anticholinergic drugs;
hypokalemia; hypercalcemia - ANSWER factors that increase heart rate
Left AV valve - ANSWER Bicuspid
what substance is secreted in urine to decrease bloods ph - ANSWER bicarbonte
ions
what substance is secreted in urine to increase bloods ph - ANSWER hydrogen
ions
plasma protein albumin is produced by - ANSWER liver
volume of blood pumped from one ventricular of the heart with each beat -
ANSWER stroke volume
volume of blood being pumped by heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle in
the time of one minute - ANSWER cardiac output
vagus nerve - ANSWER decreases heart rate
,Right AV valve - ANSWER Tricuspid
septum between right and left atria - ANSWER foramen ovale
eliminated when we have acidosis - ANSWER hydrogen ions
only structure of respiratory tract that is part of digestive system - ANSWER
pharynx
protein inside red blood cells that carry oxygento cells and carbon dioxide to the
lungs - ANSWER hemoglobin
loss of negative intrapleural pressure - ANSWER collapses lung
measured during normal quiet breathing - ANSWER tidal volume
coronary arteries and veins are part of - ANSWER systemic circulation
located between right atrium and right ventricle - ANSWER right av
Lower chambers of the heart and pump blood out of the heart - ANSWER
ventricles
muscles of respiration relax and allow the ribs and diaphragm to return to their
original positions - ANSWER on exhalation
located between the atria and ventricles on each side of heart - ANSWER
atrioventricular veins
left heart pumps blood to the - ANSWER systemic circulation
pushes blood out of the heart into the aorta-body - ANSWER left venteicle
small hole in septum - ANSWER foramen ovale
collects nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood to the liver - ANSWER hepatic portal
vein
excess sodium in the blood and is result of excess water loss - ANSWER
hypernatremia
stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water; stimulates the excretion of
potassium; acts primarily on the distal tubule - ANSWER aldosterone
forward movement of food is caused by - ANSWER peristalsis
partially surround the trachea for its entire length and serve to keep it open -
, ANSWER c-shaped rings of cartilage
located behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavities and the larynx -
ANSWER pharynx
causes bronchodilation - ANSWER sympathetic-epinn/norepin
water soluble vitamins - ANSWER B and C
relaxation of internal sphincter - ANSWER involuntary
protein is digested - ANSWER stomach and duodenum
enzyme that breaks down starch - ANSWER amylase
caused by closing of semilunar valves - ANSWER 2nd heart sound
caused by closing of the av valves - ANSWER 1st heart sound
Causes bronchoconstriction - ANSWER Parasympathetic-acetylcholine
lower than normal amount of potassium in the blood - ANSWER hypokalemia
chemical alteration of food - ANSWER chemical digestion
breakdown of large food particles into smaller pieces - ANSWER mechanical
digestion
controls the diaphragm - ANSWER phrenic nerve
chief muscle of inspiration - ANSWER diaphragm
enzyme that digests fat - ANSWER lipase
excess potassium in the blood - ANSWER hyperkalemia
decrease in the concentration of plasma sodium - ANSWER hyponatremia
fluid located in the intracellular space - ANSWER cytoplasm
Lowers calcium levels - ANSWER Calcitonin1
stimulates the reabsorption of water - ANSWER adh
pharynx is superior to the - ANSWER larynx
digests, absorbs, secrets hormones and digestive enzymes - ANSWER functions
of small intestine
allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium to bypass
pulmonary circulation - ANSWER foramen ovale
carries blood from the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava; allows some blood to
bypass the liver - ANSWER ductus venosus
atrial contraction; systole; p wave - ANSWER atrial depolarization
max volume of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation - ANSWER
vital capacity
allows blood in pulmonary artery to flow directly into the descending aorta to
bypass the pulmonary circulation - ANSWER ductus arteriosus
ventricular relaxtion; diastole; t wave - ANSWER ventricular repolarization
most important stimulus for the release of aldosterone - ANSWER renin
volume of air in lungs following maximal inhalation - ANSWER total lung
capacity
provides oxygenated blood to brain - ANSWER circle of willis
aorta; left pulmonary veins; left atrium; left ventricle; bicuspid - ANSWER
structures that carry oxygenated blood (left heart)
pulmonary arteries; vena cava; right atrium; right ventricle; tricuspid - ANSWER
structures that carry unoxygenated blood (right heart)
transport unoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta - ANSWER
umbilical arteries
transports oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus - ANSWER umbilical
vein
volume of air that remains in lung after forceful exhalation - ANSWER residual
volume
ventricular contraction; systole; qrs complex - ANSWER ventricular
depolarization
located between left ventricle and left aorta - ANSWER aortic semilunar valve
,located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery - ANSWER pulmonic
semilunar
two semilunar valves - ANSWER pulmonary and aortic
pushes blood out of the heart into the pulmonary trunk-lungs - ANSWER right
ventricle
stimulates peristalsis in muscle layer of digestive tract - ANSWER parasystemic
system-smooth muscle
decreases thoracic and lung volume and increases pressure in the lungs - ANSWER
on exhalation
space between the vocal cords - ANSWER glottis/rima glottidis
vagus nerve effects - ANSWER sa node
pacemaker of the heart - ANSWER SA node
right heart pumps blood to the - ANSWER pulmonary circulation
acetylcholine; rest; decrease temp; hyperkalemia; hypocalcemia; parasympathetic
nervous system - ANSWER factors that decrease heart rate
norepinephrine; epinephrine; stress; increase in temp; anticholinergic drugs;
hypokalemia; hypercalcemia - ANSWER factors that increase heart rate
Left AV valve - ANSWER Bicuspid
what substance is secreted in urine to decrease bloods ph - ANSWER bicarbonte
ions
what substance is secreted in urine to increase bloods ph - ANSWER hydrogen
ions
plasma protein albumin is produced by - ANSWER liver
volume of blood pumped from one ventricular of the heart with each beat -
ANSWER stroke volume
volume of blood being pumped by heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle in
the time of one minute - ANSWER cardiac output
vagus nerve - ANSWER decreases heart rate
,Right AV valve - ANSWER Tricuspid
septum between right and left atria - ANSWER foramen ovale
eliminated when we have acidosis - ANSWER hydrogen ions
only structure of respiratory tract that is part of digestive system - ANSWER
pharynx
protein inside red blood cells that carry oxygento cells and carbon dioxide to the
lungs - ANSWER hemoglobin
loss of negative intrapleural pressure - ANSWER collapses lung
measured during normal quiet breathing - ANSWER tidal volume
coronary arteries and veins are part of - ANSWER systemic circulation
located between right atrium and right ventricle - ANSWER right av
Lower chambers of the heart and pump blood out of the heart - ANSWER
ventricles
muscles of respiration relax and allow the ribs and diaphragm to return to their
original positions - ANSWER on exhalation
located between the atria and ventricles on each side of heart - ANSWER
atrioventricular veins
left heart pumps blood to the - ANSWER systemic circulation
pushes blood out of the heart into the aorta-body - ANSWER left venteicle
small hole in septum - ANSWER foramen ovale
collects nutrient rich, deoxygenated blood to the liver - ANSWER hepatic portal
vein
excess sodium in the blood and is result of excess water loss - ANSWER
hypernatremia
stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water; stimulates the excretion of
potassium; acts primarily on the distal tubule - ANSWER aldosterone
forward movement of food is caused by - ANSWER peristalsis
partially surround the trachea for its entire length and serve to keep it open -
, ANSWER c-shaped rings of cartilage
located behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavities and the larynx -
ANSWER pharynx
causes bronchodilation - ANSWER sympathetic-epinn/norepin
water soluble vitamins - ANSWER B and C
relaxation of internal sphincter - ANSWER involuntary
protein is digested - ANSWER stomach and duodenum
enzyme that breaks down starch - ANSWER amylase
caused by closing of semilunar valves - ANSWER 2nd heart sound
caused by closing of the av valves - ANSWER 1st heart sound
Causes bronchoconstriction - ANSWER Parasympathetic-acetylcholine
lower than normal amount of potassium in the blood - ANSWER hypokalemia
chemical alteration of food - ANSWER chemical digestion
breakdown of large food particles into smaller pieces - ANSWER mechanical
digestion
controls the diaphragm - ANSWER phrenic nerve
chief muscle of inspiration - ANSWER diaphragm
enzyme that digests fat - ANSWER lipase
excess potassium in the blood - ANSWER hyperkalemia
decrease in the concentration of plasma sodium - ANSWER hyponatremia
fluid located in the intracellular space - ANSWER cytoplasm
Lowers calcium levels - ANSWER Calcitonin1
stimulates the reabsorption of water - ANSWER adh
pharynx is superior to the - ANSWER larynx
digests, absorbs, secrets hormones and digestive enzymes - ANSWER functions
of small intestine
