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Rizzo Anatomy & Physiology Review Guide 2026 – Chapter-Based
Study Notes, Practice Exercises & Human Body Systems Exam Prep
3
Answers to Review Questions in
the Text
CHAPTER 1 THE HUMAN BODY
QUESTION #1
• Integumentary (skin) system: epidermis and dermis layer; hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands
• Skeletal system: 206 bones and cartilage
• Muscular system: muscle, fascia, tendon sheaths, bursae
• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves
• Cardiovascular circulatory system: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
• Lymphatic circulatory system: lymph nodes, lymphatics, spleen, thymus, tonsils
• Respiratory system: air sinuses, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Digestive system: mouth (teeth, tongue, salivary glands), oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver
and gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine, rectum, anus
• Urinary system: two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra
• Endocrine system: pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreatic islets of Langerhans,
ovaries, testes, pineal gland
• Reproductive system: (female) ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva; (male) testes,
seminal vesicles, vas deferens, penis, prostate gland, urethra
QUESTION #2
I. Ventral cavity (concerned with homeostasis)
A. Thoracic: divided into two pleural cavities (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart)
Mediastinum: space between the pleural cavities contains trachea, esophagus, thymus, thyroid, nerves,
blood vessels, lymph vessels
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B. Abdominopelvic: kidneys, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large and small intestine, ovaries and
uterus in females
II. Dorsal cavity (concerned with control and coordination)
A.Cranial cavity (brain)
B.Spinal cavity (spinal cord)
QUESTION #3
• After a meal, the pancreatic islets produce insulin, which moves excess glucose from the blood to storage in the liver
as glycogen.
• Between meals, the pancreatic islets produce glucagon, which transforms stored glycogen into glucose that then
moves into the blood.
• These maintain blood sugar levels within a narrow range.
QUESTION #4
• Increased temperatures cause blood vessels to dilate in the skin, and heat then radiates from the skin surface,
sweat glands are activated, and evaporation of the water in sweat cools the body.
• Decreased temperatures cause blood vessels in the skin to constrict, minimizing heat loss on the surface of the
body; shivering caused by skeletal muscle contractions generates heat.
• The hypothalamus of the brain controls body temperature regulation.
QUESTION #5
A cell is the basic unit of all biologic organization. It is composed of protoplasm, an aqueous colloidal solution of
protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and inorganic salts organized into minute structures and surrounded by a limiting
membrane.
QUESTION #6
Superior: uppermost or above; Inferior: lowermost or below; Anterior: toward the front or ventral; Posterior:
toward the back or dorsal; Cephalad: toward the head or cranial; Caudal: toward the tail; Medial: nearest the
midline of the body; Lateral: toward the side or away from the midline of the body; Proximal: nearest the point of
attachment or origin; Distal:
away from the point of attachment or origin.
QUESTION #7
1. A sagittal plane vertically divides the body into right and left portions.
2. A horizontal or transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
3. A frontal or coronal plane divides the anterior, or ventral, and posterior, or dorsal, portions of the body
at right angles to the sagittal plane.
MATCHING
2 Superior
7 Anterior
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11 Inferior
1 Posterior
10Medial
3Lateral
4 Proximal
6Distal
5 Horizontal
8 Midsagittal
CHAPTER 2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
QUESTION #1
An atom is made up of a compact nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by orbiting
electrons in different energy levels. Protons carry a + charge, electrons a – charge and neutrons have no
charge.
QUESTION #2
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
QUESTION #3
A.In ionic bonds one atom gains electrons and the other atom loses electrons; in covalent bonds atoms
share electrons.
B.Carbohydrates, fats, or lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
QUESTION #4
Nucleic acids control all functions in the cells.
QUESTION #5
A.Takes part in some reactions, for example, respiration
B.Transportation medium, for example, blood
C.Solute for other reactions to occur in, for example, saliva
D.Body temperature regulation
E.Base for body lubricants
pg. 4
Rizzo Anatomy & Physiology Review Guide 2026 – Chapter-Based
Study Notes, Practice Exercises & Human Body Systems Exam Prep
3
Answers to Review Questions in
the Text
CHAPTER 1 THE HUMAN BODY
QUESTION #1
• Integumentary (skin) system: epidermis and dermis layer; hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands
• Skeletal system: 206 bones and cartilage
• Muscular system: muscle, fascia, tendon sheaths, bursae
• Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves
• Cardiovascular circulatory system: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
• Lymphatic circulatory system: lymph nodes, lymphatics, spleen, thymus, tonsils
• Respiratory system: air sinuses, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Digestive system: mouth (teeth, tongue, salivary glands), oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver
and gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine, rectum, anus
• Urinary system: two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra
• Endocrine system: pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreatic islets of Langerhans,
ovaries, testes, pineal gland
• Reproductive system: (female) ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva; (male) testes,
seminal vesicles, vas deferens, penis, prostate gland, urethra
QUESTION #2
I. Ventral cavity (concerned with homeostasis)
A. Thoracic: divided into two pleural cavities (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart)
Mediastinum: space between the pleural cavities contains trachea, esophagus, thymus, thyroid, nerves,
blood vessels, lymph vessels
pg. 2
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B. Abdominopelvic: kidneys, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large and small intestine, ovaries and
uterus in females
II. Dorsal cavity (concerned with control and coordination)
A.Cranial cavity (brain)
B.Spinal cavity (spinal cord)
QUESTION #3
• After a meal, the pancreatic islets produce insulin, which moves excess glucose from the blood to storage in the liver
as glycogen.
• Between meals, the pancreatic islets produce glucagon, which transforms stored glycogen into glucose that then
moves into the blood.
• These maintain blood sugar levels within a narrow range.
QUESTION #4
• Increased temperatures cause blood vessels to dilate in the skin, and heat then radiates from the skin surface,
sweat glands are activated, and evaporation of the water in sweat cools the body.
• Decreased temperatures cause blood vessels in the skin to constrict, minimizing heat loss on the surface of the
body; shivering caused by skeletal muscle contractions generates heat.
• The hypothalamus of the brain controls body temperature regulation.
QUESTION #5
A cell is the basic unit of all biologic organization. It is composed of protoplasm, an aqueous colloidal solution of
protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and inorganic salts organized into minute structures and surrounded by a limiting
membrane.
QUESTION #6
Superior: uppermost or above; Inferior: lowermost or below; Anterior: toward the front or ventral; Posterior:
toward the back or dorsal; Cephalad: toward the head or cranial; Caudal: toward the tail; Medial: nearest the
midline of the body; Lateral: toward the side or away from the midline of the body; Proximal: nearest the point of
attachment or origin; Distal:
away from the point of attachment or origin.
QUESTION #7
1. A sagittal plane vertically divides the body into right and left portions.
2. A horizontal or transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
3. A frontal or coronal plane divides the anterior, or ventral, and posterior, or dorsal, portions of the body
at right angles to the sagittal plane.
MATCHING
2 Superior
7 Anterior
pg. 3
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11 Inferior
1 Posterior
10Medial
3Lateral
4 Proximal
6Distal
5 Horizontal
8 Midsagittal
CHAPTER 2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
QUESTION #1
An atom is made up of a compact nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by orbiting
electrons in different energy levels. Protons carry a + charge, electrons a – charge and neutrons have no
charge.
QUESTION #2
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
QUESTION #3
A.In ionic bonds one atom gains electrons and the other atom loses electrons; in covalent bonds atoms
share electrons.
B.Carbohydrates, fats, or lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
QUESTION #4
Nucleic acids control all functions in the cells.
QUESTION #5
A.Takes part in some reactions, for example, respiration
B.Transportation medium, for example, blood
C.Solute for other reactions to occur in, for example, saliva
D.Body temperature regulation
E.Base for body lubricants
pg. 4
