AQA A-Level PE Paper 2 Complete Revision
Notes - Physiology, Biomechanics & Sports
Psychology
1. Exercise physiology and biomechanics:
2. Carbohydrates: -Simple and complex carbohydrates
-simple carbohydrates are found in fruit
-complex carbohydrates are found in nearly all plant based foods (pasta, bread, rice and vegetables)
- the principle use of energy in the body
-once digested they are converted to glucose
-this can then be stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen.
3. Fats: -Saturated fat (sweet and savoury foods)
-trans fat (unsaturated fat found in meat and dairy)
-cholesterol (type of fat that circulates in the body)
-used during low intensity exercise as a provider of energy
4. Proteins: -Made up of amino acids
-important for muscle growth and repair
-meat, fish, eggs, dairy products
-minor source of energy and tend to be used more by power atheletes who have a greater need to repair and develop
muscle tissue
5. Vitamins: -Essential nutrients that your body needs in small amounts in order to work properly
-fat soluble
-water soluble
6. Vitamin C: Green vegetables and fruits
protects cells and Keeps them healthy
helps maintenance of bones, teeth and ligaments
7. Vitamin D: Sunlight, oily fish, dairy products.
Has a role in absorption of calcium, which keeps bones and teeth healthy
,8. B6: Meat, fish, eggs, bread, vegetables and cereals.
Helps form haemoglobin
helps the body to use and store energy from protein and carbohydrate in food.
9. B12: Red meat, dairy products and fish
makes red blood cells and keeps the nervous system healthy.
releases energy from food.
10. Minerals: Assist in bodily functions
include sodium (helps with the regulation of fluid levels in the body)
, Iron (helps the formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells to transport oxygen)
calcium (the need for strong bones and teeth and is also necessary for eflcient nerve and muscle function)
11. Fibre: Found in whole meal bread and pasta, potatoes, nuts, seeds, fruit, vegetables and pulses
can speed up digestion and prevent constipation. (Insoluble fibre)
12. Water: Important for hydration before during and after exercise
prevents dehydration.
13. Dietary supplements: Used to artificially manipulate performance, but these have both positive and
negative ettects
14. Creatine: Compound that is naturally made in the body which supplied energy for muscular contraction.
Also used as a supplement to increase athletic performance.
15. Advantages of creatine: Aims to provide ATP
replenishes phosphocreatine stores
allows ATP-PC system to last longer
improves muscle mass
16. Disadvantages of creatine: Possible side ettects (muscle cramps, diarrhoea, water retention, bloat-
ing and vomiting).
Hinder aerobic performance
mixed evidence to shoe benefits
17. Sodium carbonate: A white soluble compound used as an antacid
18. Positive effects of sodium bicarbonate: Reduces acidity in the muscle cells
delays fatigue
increase buttering capacity of the blood
19. Negative effects of sodium bicarbonate: Side ettects (voimitng, pain, cramping, diarrhoea
and bloating)
20. Caffeine: Naturally occuring stimulant which increases alertness and reduces fatigue
21. Positive effects of caffeine: Stimulant increases mental rehearsal
reduces ettect of fatigue
allows fats to be used as an energy source
delays use of glycogen stores
improves decision making (reaction time is improved)
may benefit aerobic performance.
Notes - Physiology, Biomechanics & Sports
Psychology
1. Exercise physiology and biomechanics:
2. Carbohydrates: -Simple and complex carbohydrates
-simple carbohydrates are found in fruit
-complex carbohydrates are found in nearly all plant based foods (pasta, bread, rice and vegetables)
- the principle use of energy in the body
-once digested they are converted to glucose
-this can then be stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen.
3. Fats: -Saturated fat (sweet and savoury foods)
-trans fat (unsaturated fat found in meat and dairy)
-cholesterol (type of fat that circulates in the body)
-used during low intensity exercise as a provider of energy
4. Proteins: -Made up of amino acids
-important for muscle growth and repair
-meat, fish, eggs, dairy products
-minor source of energy and tend to be used more by power atheletes who have a greater need to repair and develop
muscle tissue
5. Vitamins: -Essential nutrients that your body needs in small amounts in order to work properly
-fat soluble
-water soluble
6. Vitamin C: Green vegetables and fruits
protects cells and Keeps them healthy
helps maintenance of bones, teeth and ligaments
7. Vitamin D: Sunlight, oily fish, dairy products.
Has a role in absorption of calcium, which keeps bones and teeth healthy
,8. B6: Meat, fish, eggs, bread, vegetables and cereals.
Helps form haemoglobin
helps the body to use and store energy from protein and carbohydrate in food.
9. B12: Red meat, dairy products and fish
makes red blood cells and keeps the nervous system healthy.
releases energy from food.
10. Minerals: Assist in bodily functions
include sodium (helps with the regulation of fluid levels in the body)
, Iron (helps the formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells to transport oxygen)
calcium (the need for strong bones and teeth and is also necessary for eflcient nerve and muscle function)
11. Fibre: Found in whole meal bread and pasta, potatoes, nuts, seeds, fruit, vegetables and pulses
can speed up digestion and prevent constipation. (Insoluble fibre)
12. Water: Important for hydration before during and after exercise
prevents dehydration.
13. Dietary supplements: Used to artificially manipulate performance, but these have both positive and
negative ettects
14. Creatine: Compound that is naturally made in the body which supplied energy for muscular contraction.
Also used as a supplement to increase athletic performance.
15. Advantages of creatine: Aims to provide ATP
replenishes phosphocreatine stores
allows ATP-PC system to last longer
improves muscle mass
16. Disadvantages of creatine: Possible side ettects (muscle cramps, diarrhoea, water retention, bloat-
ing and vomiting).
Hinder aerobic performance
mixed evidence to shoe benefits
17. Sodium carbonate: A white soluble compound used as an antacid
18. Positive effects of sodium bicarbonate: Reduces acidity in the muscle cells
delays fatigue
increase buttering capacity of the blood
19. Negative effects of sodium bicarbonate: Side ettects (voimitng, pain, cramping, diarrhoea
and bloating)
20. Caffeine: Naturally occuring stimulant which increases alertness and reduces fatigue
21. Positive effects of caffeine: Stimulant increases mental rehearsal
reduces ettect of fatigue
allows fats to be used as an energy source
delays use of glycogen stores
improves decision making (reaction time is improved)
may benefit aerobic performance.
