BIOL 251- Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 — Exam 1
Complete Study Guide & Practice Questions (Latest 2026
Update) Homeostasis, Cells, Tissues, & Transport
1. Anatomy: the various structures of the body, what they look like, and their relationship to one another
2. Gross Anatomy: structures visible to the naked eye
3. Regional Anatomy: specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
can find organs from ditterent systems in the same region
4. systemic anatomy: studies the anatomy of each functional body system
systems span across multiple regions
5. Microscopic Anatomy: deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
6. Cytology: study of cells
7. Histology: study of tissues
8. physiology: how these individual body parts work (or function) on a normal level
9. principle of complementarity of structure and function: what a structure can do is
dependent on its form
bones are hard and hold up most of our body weight
10. chemical level of organization: atoms and molecules
11. cellular level of organization: smallest living unit of the body
cells function ditterently depending on where they are found
12. tissue level of organization: collections of 2 or more cells that carry out a similar function
13. Four Basic Types of Tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
14. organ: any structure with two or more tissue types
15. Organ level of organization: tissues operate together to perform a certain function
16. Organ System Level of organiztion: multiple organs work together to accomplish a purpose
17. Organismal Level of Organization: All organ systems working together to keep the organism
alive
,18. Necessary Life Function #1 - Maintaining Boundaries: cell level --> cell membranes
keep organelles together and separate intercellular and extracellular fluid
organismal level --> skin holds us together, prevents water loss, and helps prevent the entrance of pathogens
19. Necessary Life Function #2- Movement: Cooperation of skeletal and muscular systems to
coordinate actions
, 20. Necessary Life Function #3- Responsiveness (or Excitability): Sensing environmen-
tal changes and responding to them
21. Are all cells responsive?: yes to a certain extent, but CNS cells are the most responsive
22. Necessary Life Function #4- Digestion: Food is broken down to simple molecules to be
absorbed to blood and delivered to various tissues
23. Necessary Life Function #5- Metabolism: Catabolism, Anabolism, and Cellular Respiration
24. Catabolism: breaking down
25. anabolism: building up
26. cellular respiration: ATP Production through glucose and oxygen
27. Necessary Life Function #6- Excretion: Removal of Waste produced during digestive and
metabolic functions
ex- Digestive waste, urine, respiratory release of CO2
28. Necessary Life Function #7- Reproduction: Cell Level --> cells must divide for organism to
survive
Organismal level --> Production of ottspring
29. Necessary Life Function #8- Growth: Increase in the number of body cells, or increase in size
of individual cells themselves
anabolic rate must be greater than catabolic rate
30. Survival Need 1- Nutrients: Brought into the body by ingestion
include carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals
31. Survival Need 2- Oxygen: cells can only survive a few minutes without oxygen
32. Survival Need 3- Water: Primary solvent in the body, provides environment for chemical reactions and
serves as fluid base for secretions and excretion
33. Survival Need 4 - Endothermy: body temperature must be maintained for chemic processes to
occur (98.6)
34. Survival Need 5- Atmospheric Pressure: breathing and gas exchange occur at an appropriate
atmospheric pressure
Complete Study Guide & Practice Questions (Latest 2026
Update) Homeostasis, Cells, Tissues, & Transport
1. Anatomy: the various structures of the body, what they look like, and their relationship to one another
2. Gross Anatomy: structures visible to the naked eye
3. Regional Anatomy: specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
can find organs from ditterent systems in the same region
4. systemic anatomy: studies the anatomy of each functional body system
systems span across multiple regions
5. Microscopic Anatomy: deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
6. Cytology: study of cells
7. Histology: study of tissues
8. physiology: how these individual body parts work (or function) on a normal level
9. principle of complementarity of structure and function: what a structure can do is
dependent on its form
bones are hard and hold up most of our body weight
10. chemical level of organization: atoms and molecules
11. cellular level of organization: smallest living unit of the body
cells function ditterently depending on where they are found
12. tissue level of organization: collections of 2 or more cells that carry out a similar function
13. Four Basic Types of Tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
14. organ: any structure with two or more tissue types
15. Organ level of organization: tissues operate together to perform a certain function
16. Organ System Level of organiztion: multiple organs work together to accomplish a purpose
17. Organismal Level of Organization: All organ systems working together to keep the organism
alive
,18. Necessary Life Function #1 - Maintaining Boundaries: cell level --> cell membranes
keep organelles together and separate intercellular and extracellular fluid
organismal level --> skin holds us together, prevents water loss, and helps prevent the entrance of pathogens
19. Necessary Life Function #2- Movement: Cooperation of skeletal and muscular systems to
coordinate actions
, 20. Necessary Life Function #3- Responsiveness (or Excitability): Sensing environmen-
tal changes and responding to them
21. Are all cells responsive?: yes to a certain extent, but CNS cells are the most responsive
22. Necessary Life Function #4- Digestion: Food is broken down to simple molecules to be
absorbed to blood and delivered to various tissues
23. Necessary Life Function #5- Metabolism: Catabolism, Anabolism, and Cellular Respiration
24. Catabolism: breaking down
25. anabolism: building up
26. cellular respiration: ATP Production through glucose and oxygen
27. Necessary Life Function #6- Excretion: Removal of Waste produced during digestive and
metabolic functions
ex- Digestive waste, urine, respiratory release of CO2
28. Necessary Life Function #7- Reproduction: Cell Level --> cells must divide for organism to
survive
Organismal level --> Production of ottspring
29. Necessary Life Function #8- Growth: Increase in the number of body cells, or increase in size
of individual cells themselves
anabolic rate must be greater than catabolic rate
30. Survival Need 1- Nutrients: Brought into the body by ingestion
include carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals
31. Survival Need 2- Oxygen: cells can only survive a few minutes without oxygen
32. Survival Need 3- Water: Primary solvent in the body, provides environment for chemical reactions and
serves as fluid base for secretions and excretion
33. Survival Need 4 - Endothermy: body temperature must be maintained for chemic processes to
occur (98.6)
34. Survival Need 5- Atmospheric Pressure: breathing and gas exchange occur at an appropriate
atmospheric pressure
