2026 | Study Guide,
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Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
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, Analysis Understanding the parts of the study.
Synthesis Understanding the whole article and each step of the research process in a study.
Levels of evidence: 1-7 (greatest to least)
Level 1 Systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)
Level 2 A well-designed RCT
Level 3 Quasiexperimental study
-Controlled trial WITHOUT randomization
Level 4 Single non-experimental study (case-control, correlational, cohort studies.
Level 5 Systematic reviews of descriptive and QUALITATIVE studies
Level 6 Single descriptive or QUALITATIVE studies
Level 7 Opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees.
What presents the idea that is to be examined in the The research question
study and is the foundation of the research study
What attempts to answer the research question The hypothesis
What are the 4 components of clinical questions? 1. Population
2. Interventions
3. Comparison
4. Outcome
The aims or objectives the investigator hopes to achieve The purpose
with the research, not the question to be answered.
Is this directional or non-directional? Non-directional --indicates the presence of a relationship between variables, but
A relation exists between women's reproductive, it does not specify the anticipated direction of the relationship.
nutritional, and body composition, and activity factors
and the amount of C-reactive protein in NAF.
A statement about the expected relationship of the Research or scientific hypothesis
variables
States there is no relationship between the independent Null hypothesis
and dependent variables.
3 Characteristics of a research question: 1. Clearly identifies variables
2. Specifies population
3. Implies possibility of empirical testing