PSYC 230 UIUC FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔M cone - ✔✔the cone with its peak sensitivity to medium-wavelength light, around
535 nm (green)
✔✔L-cone - ✔✔the cone with its peak sensitivity to long-wavelength light, around 565
nm (yellow)
✔✔the response of cones to a 500-nm light - ✔✔each cone system responds to this
light but with a weaker or stronger response. Color is partially determined by this pattern
of responses of each cone to any particular wavelength
✔✔Univariance - ✔✔the principle whereby any single cone system is colorblind, in the
sense that different combinations of wavelength and intensity can result in the same
response from the cone system
✔✔why more than one receptor is necessary to see in color? - ✔✔we are unable to see
color with only one cone, with the help of three cones that all respond in different levels
of strength, we are able to perceive color and its intensities.
✔✔trichromatic theory of color vision - ✔✔the theory that the color of any light is
determined by the output of the three cone systems in our retinae
✔✔the three cones systems of the retinae - ✔✔S,M, and L cones
✔✔the opponent theory of color perception - ✔✔the theory that color perception arises
from three opponent mechanisms, for red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white
✔✔Hering's opponent-process theory - ✔✔all colors on the color circle can be
represented by two pairs of opposing colors
✔✔sorting into four groups - ✔✔green, red, yellow, and blue (western and non-western
cultures support this)
✔✔perception of color combinations - ✔✔non-primary colors look like combinations of
two primary colors but our perception of color supports that red and green don't
combine and blue and yellow don't combine (it it hard to imagine with color they would
make)
✔✔afterimages - ✔✔visual images that are seen after an actual visual stimulus has
been removed
, ✔✔simultaneous color contrast - ✔✔a phenomenon that occurs when our perception of
one color is affected by a color that surrounds it
✔✔findings that support opponent theory - ✔✔color combination perception, four basic
color group sorting, afterimages, and simultaneous color contrast
✔✔Cone-opponent cells in LGN - ✔✔neurons that are excited by the input from one
cone type in the center but inhibited by the input from another cone type in the surround
✔✔color-opponent cells in V1 - ✔✔neurons that are excited by one color in the center
and inhibited by another color in the surround , or neurons that are inhibited by one
color in the center and excited by another color in the surround
✔✔double-opponent cell - ✔✔cells that have a center, which is excited by one color and
inhibited by the other, in the surround, the pattern is reversed
✔✔color deficiency - ✔✔the condition of individuals who are missing one or more of
their cone systems
✔✔Rod monochromacy - ✔✔a condition in which a person has no functioning cones
and therefore can be described as truly color blind
✔✔cone monochromacy - ✔✔(extreme rare) they have one cone but not the other two;
s-cone monochromacy is more common in men, has similar side effects to rod
monochromacy but less severe, also have poor acuity and high sensitivity to bright light
✔✔Types of Color Vision - ✔✔tritanopia, protanopia, and deuteranopia
✔✔Tritanopia - ✔✔a lack of s-cones, leading to blue-yellow color deficiency; this trait is
rare and is not sex-linked
✔✔Protanopia - ✔✔a lack of L-cones, leading to red-green deficiency; this trait is sex
linked and thus more common in men
✔✔Deuteranopia - ✔✔a lack of M-cones, leading to red-green deficiency; this trait is
sex linked and thus more common in men
✔✔cortical achromatopsia - ✔✔loss of color vision due to damage to the occipital lobe
✔✔light source - ✔✔monochromatic light source, yellow light; Under these conditions,
only the yellow-blue opponent channel can help us do color discriminations. You will
experience the world as a color deficient individual does.
✔✔errors we have made - ✔✔Brown-blue: look alike
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔M cone - ✔✔the cone with its peak sensitivity to medium-wavelength light, around
535 nm (green)
✔✔L-cone - ✔✔the cone with its peak sensitivity to long-wavelength light, around 565
nm (yellow)
✔✔the response of cones to a 500-nm light - ✔✔each cone system responds to this
light but with a weaker or stronger response. Color is partially determined by this pattern
of responses of each cone to any particular wavelength
✔✔Univariance - ✔✔the principle whereby any single cone system is colorblind, in the
sense that different combinations of wavelength and intensity can result in the same
response from the cone system
✔✔why more than one receptor is necessary to see in color? - ✔✔we are unable to see
color with only one cone, with the help of three cones that all respond in different levels
of strength, we are able to perceive color and its intensities.
✔✔trichromatic theory of color vision - ✔✔the theory that the color of any light is
determined by the output of the three cone systems in our retinae
✔✔the three cones systems of the retinae - ✔✔S,M, and L cones
✔✔the opponent theory of color perception - ✔✔the theory that color perception arises
from three opponent mechanisms, for red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white
✔✔Hering's opponent-process theory - ✔✔all colors on the color circle can be
represented by two pairs of opposing colors
✔✔sorting into four groups - ✔✔green, red, yellow, and blue (western and non-western
cultures support this)
✔✔perception of color combinations - ✔✔non-primary colors look like combinations of
two primary colors but our perception of color supports that red and green don't
combine and blue and yellow don't combine (it it hard to imagine with color they would
make)
✔✔afterimages - ✔✔visual images that are seen after an actual visual stimulus has
been removed
, ✔✔simultaneous color contrast - ✔✔a phenomenon that occurs when our perception of
one color is affected by a color that surrounds it
✔✔findings that support opponent theory - ✔✔color combination perception, four basic
color group sorting, afterimages, and simultaneous color contrast
✔✔Cone-opponent cells in LGN - ✔✔neurons that are excited by the input from one
cone type in the center but inhibited by the input from another cone type in the surround
✔✔color-opponent cells in V1 - ✔✔neurons that are excited by one color in the center
and inhibited by another color in the surround , or neurons that are inhibited by one
color in the center and excited by another color in the surround
✔✔double-opponent cell - ✔✔cells that have a center, which is excited by one color and
inhibited by the other, in the surround, the pattern is reversed
✔✔color deficiency - ✔✔the condition of individuals who are missing one or more of
their cone systems
✔✔Rod monochromacy - ✔✔a condition in which a person has no functioning cones
and therefore can be described as truly color blind
✔✔cone monochromacy - ✔✔(extreme rare) they have one cone but not the other two;
s-cone monochromacy is more common in men, has similar side effects to rod
monochromacy but less severe, also have poor acuity and high sensitivity to bright light
✔✔Types of Color Vision - ✔✔tritanopia, protanopia, and deuteranopia
✔✔Tritanopia - ✔✔a lack of s-cones, leading to blue-yellow color deficiency; this trait is
rare and is not sex-linked
✔✔Protanopia - ✔✔a lack of L-cones, leading to red-green deficiency; this trait is sex
linked and thus more common in men
✔✔Deuteranopia - ✔✔a lack of M-cones, leading to red-green deficiency; this trait is
sex linked and thus more common in men
✔✔cortical achromatopsia - ✔✔loss of color vision due to damage to the occipital lobe
✔✔light source - ✔✔monochromatic light source, yellow light; Under these conditions,
only the yellow-blue opponent channel can help us do color discriminations. You will
experience the world as a color deficient individual does.
✔✔errors we have made - ✔✔Brown-blue: look alike
