D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY E CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS
◉ autosomal recessive. Answer: two copies of an abnormal gene
must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop
◉ Phagocytes. Answer: a type of cell within the body capable of
engulfing and absorbing bacteria and boosts immune response
◉ dendritic cells. Answer: specialized white blood cells that patrol
the body searching for antigens that produce infections
◉ mast cells. Answer: Cells that release chemicals (such as
histamine) that promote inflammation. (activators of the
inflammatory response)
◉ Chemokines. Answer: induce migration of leukocytes
◉ capillary endothelial cells. Answer: create a metabolic link
between the tissue and the blood
◉ Histamine. Answer: release causes increased vascular
permeability
,◉ Diapedesis (extravasation). Answer: process of leukocytes
squeezing through openings in capillary walls
◉ complement proteins. Answer: proteins in blood that help destroy
pathogens by coating or puncturing them
◉ exudate. Answer: fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected
wound
◉ achondroplasia. Answer: dwarfism
◉ Retinoblastoma. Answer: tumor arising from a developing retinal
cell (a congenital, malignant tumor)
◉ Causes of retinoblastoma. Answer: genetics, RB1
◉ risk factors of Retinoblastoma. Answer: advanced paternal age,
family history, or known exposure to RB1
◉ symptoms of reitnoblastoma. Answer: white pupil, absent red
reflex, ocular inflammation, restricted eye movements, protrusion of
the eye
, ◉ cystic fibrosis. Answer: A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands
caused by a mutation.
◉ symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Answer: respiratory failure, low O2,
weight loss, loss of appetite, recurrent lung infections, constipation
and loose stools
◉ treatments for cystic fibrosis. Answer: Mucus-dissolving drugs,
manipulation to loosen mucus, antibiotics, diet high in calories,
increased fluid intake, exercise.
◉ Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Answer: genetic disorder
in which fat and fibrous tissue infiltrate and weak muscle tissues,
such as in the legs, pelvis, lungs and heart.
◉ spina bifida. Answer: a congenital defect that occurs during early
pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the
spinal cord to protect it
◉ Three types of spina bifida. Answer: occulta, meningocele,
myelomeningocele
◉ Arnold-Chiari malformation. Answer: Cerebellar tonsillar
herniation
EVALUATION 2026 SOLVED QUESTIONS
◉ autosomal recessive. Answer: two copies of an abnormal gene
must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop
◉ Phagocytes. Answer: a type of cell within the body capable of
engulfing and absorbing bacteria and boosts immune response
◉ dendritic cells. Answer: specialized white blood cells that patrol
the body searching for antigens that produce infections
◉ mast cells. Answer: Cells that release chemicals (such as
histamine) that promote inflammation. (activators of the
inflammatory response)
◉ Chemokines. Answer: induce migration of leukocytes
◉ capillary endothelial cells. Answer: create a metabolic link
between the tissue and the blood
◉ Histamine. Answer: release causes increased vascular
permeability
,◉ Diapedesis (extravasation). Answer: process of leukocytes
squeezing through openings in capillary walls
◉ complement proteins. Answer: proteins in blood that help destroy
pathogens by coating or puncturing them
◉ exudate. Answer: fluid, such as pus, that leaks out of an infected
wound
◉ achondroplasia. Answer: dwarfism
◉ Retinoblastoma. Answer: tumor arising from a developing retinal
cell (a congenital, malignant tumor)
◉ Causes of retinoblastoma. Answer: genetics, RB1
◉ risk factors of Retinoblastoma. Answer: advanced paternal age,
family history, or known exposure to RB1
◉ symptoms of reitnoblastoma. Answer: white pupil, absent red
reflex, ocular inflammation, restricted eye movements, protrusion of
the eye
, ◉ cystic fibrosis. Answer: A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands
caused by a mutation.
◉ symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Answer: respiratory failure, low O2,
weight loss, loss of appetite, recurrent lung infections, constipation
and loose stools
◉ treatments for cystic fibrosis. Answer: Mucus-dissolving drugs,
manipulation to loosen mucus, antibiotics, diet high in calories,
increased fluid intake, exercise.
◉ Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Answer: genetic disorder
in which fat and fibrous tissue infiltrate and weak muscle tissues,
such as in the legs, pelvis, lungs and heart.
◉ spina bifida. Answer: a congenital defect that occurs during early
pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the
spinal cord to protect it
◉ Three types of spina bifida. Answer: occulta, meningocele,
myelomeningocele
◉ Arnold-Chiari malformation. Answer: Cerebellar tonsillar
herniation
