BBH FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Leading causes of death - ANS 1974-2024: heart disease and cancer
1824-1924: tuberculosis and influenza
*mostly due to not being vaccinated
what accounts for the differences? - ANS - shifts from infections to chronic
- better understanding of what causes infectious diseases
what is the shift in thinking about illness? - ANS - grouping similar ailments under a single
"cause"
- recognition of the importance of data
human attempts to improve well being - ANS - humans have tried to improve their own
health by making observations, controlling their environment, food, and water
leviticus - ANS - rules governing food safety and hygiene
role of healer - ANS - someone who has developed specialized knowledge in using plants,
animal substances, and behaviors
hippocrates - ANS "cure sometimes, treat often, comfort always."
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 22
,- it is better to prevent than treat
- humors (blood, bile, phlegm)
*the shift from healer to doctor
galen - ANS - expands on the work of hippocrates
- used dissections to make systematic observations of the body
- extensive dissections of animals
middle ages - why the backslide? - ANS - fall of the roman empire, coupled with the spread of
christianity and feudalism
development of a biomedical model - ANS - cultural shift emphasizing education,
entrepreneurship, observation, and experimentation (scientific advancements)
reductionism - ANS - mechanistic approach, focus on reducing to the simplest individual
pieces of a system, which is the sum of its parts (breaking down the parts to fix the whole)
- becomes a dominant paradigm in science and philosophy
lady wortley montagu - ANS - She helped spread the use of inoculation in Europe
- Smallpox inoculation
Edward Jenner - ANS - Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796
- Cowpox inoculation
Ignaz Semmelweis - ANS - Identified the cause of childbed fever. Emphasized doctor
cleanliness
- Childbed fever deaths 5x higher in wards run by doctors/med students than midwives
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 22
, - Importance of the midwives having more knowledge and experience with childbirth
Cholera Epidemic - ANS - One of the first epidemics to be studied using epidemiological
methods.
- Waterborne
Louis Pasteur - ANS - Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
- Work on fermentation helped develop germ theory
- demonstrated that heat could safely kill microorganisms
Alexander Fleming - ANS - discovered penicillin
- accounts for dramatic drop in post combat deaths in WW2
Difficulty with the model? Why the shift? - ANS - model develops over time to focus on a
biological cause for illness (cure and prevention focused on the biological agent)
- the problem with the model is that different states could provide different causes for illness
Framingham Heart Study - ANS - A large epidemiologic study begun in the 1940s, designed to
assess the relationship between lifestyle factors and risk for heart disease
- Start to see a clear shift from thinking about health in a purely reductionist way
Psychoneuroimmunology - ANS - the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine
processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Warren and Marshall - H Pylori and Ulcers - ANS Assumption: ulcers caused by stress alone
- H pylori has to be involved in the development of ulcers
*the relationships are more complex and the impact can go both ways
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 22
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Leading causes of death - ANS 1974-2024: heart disease and cancer
1824-1924: tuberculosis and influenza
*mostly due to not being vaccinated
what accounts for the differences? - ANS - shifts from infections to chronic
- better understanding of what causes infectious diseases
what is the shift in thinking about illness? - ANS - grouping similar ailments under a single
"cause"
- recognition of the importance of data
human attempts to improve well being - ANS - humans have tried to improve their own
health by making observations, controlling their environment, food, and water
leviticus - ANS - rules governing food safety and hygiene
role of healer - ANS - someone who has developed specialized knowledge in using plants,
animal substances, and behaviors
hippocrates - ANS "cure sometimes, treat often, comfort always."
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 22
,- it is better to prevent than treat
- humors (blood, bile, phlegm)
*the shift from healer to doctor
galen - ANS - expands on the work of hippocrates
- used dissections to make systematic observations of the body
- extensive dissections of animals
middle ages - why the backslide? - ANS - fall of the roman empire, coupled with the spread of
christianity and feudalism
development of a biomedical model - ANS - cultural shift emphasizing education,
entrepreneurship, observation, and experimentation (scientific advancements)
reductionism - ANS - mechanistic approach, focus on reducing to the simplest individual
pieces of a system, which is the sum of its parts (breaking down the parts to fix the whole)
- becomes a dominant paradigm in science and philosophy
lady wortley montagu - ANS - She helped spread the use of inoculation in Europe
- Smallpox inoculation
Edward Jenner - ANS - Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796
- Cowpox inoculation
Ignaz Semmelweis - ANS - Identified the cause of childbed fever. Emphasized doctor
cleanliness
- Childbed fever deaths 5x higher in wards run by doctors/med students than midwives
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 22
, - Importance of the midwives having more knowledge and experience with childbirth
Cholera Epidemic - ANS - One of the first epidemics to be studied using epidemiological
methods.
- Waterborne
Louis Pasteur - ANS - Began pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria
- Work on fermentation helped develop germ theory
- demonstrated that heat could safely kill microorganisms
Alexander Fleming - ANS - discovered penicillin
- accounts for dramatic drop in post combat deaths in WW2
Difficulty with the model? Why the shift? - ANS - model develops over time to focus on a
biological cause for illness (cure and prevention focused on the biological agent)
- the problem with the model is that different states could provide different causes for illness
Framingham Heart Study - ANS - A large epidemiologic study begun in the 1940s, designed to
assess the relationship between lifestyle factors and risk for heart disease
- Start to see a clear shift from thinking about health in a purely reductionist way
Psychoneuroimmunology - ANS - the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine
processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
Warren and Marshall - H Pylori and Ulcers - ANS Assumption: ulcers caused by stress alone
- H pylori has to be involved in the development of ulcers
*the relationships are more complex and the impact can go both ways
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 3 OF 22
