ISFM FSVO FINAL TEST 2026
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ neoplasia.
Answer: disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
◍ neoplasm.
Answer: the new growth that occurs as a result of neoplasia
◍ proliferation.
Answer: --process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division
◍ differentiation.
Answer: process in which cells become more specialized with each mitotic
division
◍ Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that
occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body
function..
Answer: What is the definition of "pathophysiology"?
◍ Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns,
radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one’s genetic inheritance, and
nutritional excesses or deficiencies..
Answer: Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
◍ Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present at birth) or
acquired defects (occurring after birth)..
Answer: What are the 2 types of risk factors?
◍ cell cycle (figure 2.1).
Answer: G1 (first growth phase)S (DNA synthesis phase)to G2 (second
, growth phase)M (mitosis).
◍ Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body
tissues..
Answer: What is the difference between morphology and histology?
◍ A symptom is a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing,
or dizziness. A sign is an objective manifestation, for example an elevated
temperature, a swollen extremity, or changes in pupil size..
Answer: Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an
example of each.
◍ The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE),
and sometimes diagnostic tests..
Answer: What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?
◍ G1.
Answer: (gap 1)--DNA synthesis stops--cell enlarges--both RNA and
protein synthesis begin
◍ Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability is
how likely the same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is the
proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
Specificity are people without the disease who are negative on a given test..
Answer: Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.
◍ Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It
tracks age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location..
Answer: Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.
◍ Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a
specified time. Prevalence is the number of people with the disease in a
population in a given time..
Answer: What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
◍ Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one’s life. Mortality statistics deal
, with the cause of death in a population..
Answer: Define mortality and morbidity.
◍ S phase.
Answer: --DNA synthesis occurs--produces two separate sets of
chromosomes, one for each daughter cell.
◍ Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from
occurring- taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects,
vaccinating children to prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and
exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets.
Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while
the disease is asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early
cervical cancer, encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood pressure
and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after
a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce
complications or deterioration- certain medications one must take after a
heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death..
Answer: Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an
example of each.
◍ G2.
Answer: (gap 2)--DNA synthesis again stops--RNA/protein synthesis
continues--first three (G1, S, G2) phases are referred to as interphase
◍ Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of
current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual
patients. This is to counteract “the way things have always been done,” and
to practice based on clinical research..
Answer: Why is evidence-based practice important?
◍ checkpoints.
Answer: --Located at the end of each of these phases (G1, S-phase, and
G2)--means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to
proceed to the next phase--if not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete
its replication or even repair any DNA damage (when detected), thereby
, ensuring all the genetic information is passed on correctly.
◍ All eukaryotic cells have three primary structures that are considered the
functional components of the cell. These are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and
the plasma membrane..
Answer: What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?
◍ M phase.
Answer: --consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic
division--continually dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium,
continue to cycle from one mitotic division to the next, while some cells go
into a resting state known as G0. --A resting phase (G0) may occur when
nutrients or growth factors are unavailable or when highly specialized cells
first leave the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter the cell cycle when
nutrients become available, or the cell receives stimuli via growth factors,
hormones, or other signals that trigger cell growth, such as blood loss or
tissue injury. --Notably, highly specialized and terminally differentiated
cells, like neurons, may permanently stay in G0.
◍ 3 main groups of cells that proliferate.
Answer: (1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac
muscles that rarely divide and reproduce(2) progenitor or parent cells that
continue to divide and reproduce, like blood, skin, and liver cells(3)
undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large
number of progenitor cells if needed.
◍ What are progenitor cells?.
Answer: --the more specialized cells are unable to divide, so they rely on
progenitor or parent cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated
to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide--they have enough
differentiation so the daughter cells are limited to the same cell line, but not
quite differentiated enough to prohibit active proliferation
◍ benefits of the stem cell.
Answer: --remain dormant until they are needed--When needed, they can
divide, produce other stem cells, and carry out the functions of the
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ neoplasia.
Answer: disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
◍ neoplasm.
Answer: the new growth that occurs as a result of neoplasia
◍ proliferation.
Answer: --process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division
◍ differentiation.
Answer: process in which cells become more specialized with each mitotic
division
◍ Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that
occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body
function..
Answer: What is the definition of "pathophysiology"?
◍ Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns,
radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one’s genetic inheritance, and
nutritional excesses or deficiencies..
Answer: Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed.
◍ Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present at birth) or
acquired defects (occurring after birth)..
Answer: What are the 2 types of risk factors?
◍ cell cycle (figure 2.1).
Answer: G1 (first growth phase)S (DNA synthesis phase)to G2 (second
, growth phase)M (mitosis).
◍ Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or
tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body
tissues..
Answer: What is the difference between morphology and histology?
◍ A symptom is a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing,
or dizziness. A sign is an objective manifestation, for example an elevated
temperature, a swollen extremity, or changes in pupil size..
Answer: Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an
example of each.
◍ The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE),
and sometimes diagnostic tests..
Answer: What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?
◍ G1.
Answer: (gap 1)--DNA synthesis stops--cell enlarges--both RNA and
protein synthesis begin
◍ Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability is
how likely the same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is the
proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
Specificity are people without the disease who are negative on a given test..
Answer: Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.
◍ Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It
tracks age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location..
Answer: Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.
◍ Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a
specified time. Prevalence is the number of people with the disease in a
population in a given time..
Answer: What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
◍ Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one’s life. Mortality statistics deal
, with the cause of death in a population..
Answer: Define mortality and morbidity.
◍ S phase.
Answer: --DNA synthesis occurs--produces two separate sets of
chromosomes, one for each daughter cell.
◍ Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from
occurring- taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects,
vaccinating children to prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and
exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets.
Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while
the disease is asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early
cervical cancer, encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood pressure
and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after
a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce
complications or deterioration- certain medications one must take after a
heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death..
Answer: Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an
example of each.
◍ G2.
Answer: (gap 2)--DNA synthesis again stops--RNA/protein synthesis
continues--first three (G1, S, G2) phases are referred to as interphase
◍ Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of
current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual
patients. This is to counteract “the way things have always been done,” and
to practice based on clinical research..
Answer: Why is evidence-based practice important?
◍ checkpoints.
Answer: --Located at the end of each of these phases (G1, S-phase, and
G2)--means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to
proceed to the next phase--if not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete
its replication or even repair any DNA damage (when detected), thereby
, ensuring all the genetic information is passed on correctly.
◍ All eukaryotic cells have three primary structures that are considered the
functional components of the cell. These are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and
the plasma membrane..
Answer: What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?
◍ M phase.
Answer: --consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic
division--continually dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium,
continue to cycle from one mitotic division to the next, while some cells go
into a resting state known as G0. --A resting phase (G0) may occur when
nutrients or growth factors are unavailable or when highly specialized cells
first leave the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter the cell cycle when
nutrients become available, or the cell receives stimuli via growth factors,
hormones, or other signals that trigger cell growth, such as blood loss or
tissue injury. --Notably, highly specialized and terminally differentiated
cells, like neurons, may permanently stay in G0.
◍ 3 main groups of cells that proliferate.
Answer: (1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac
muscles that rarely divide and reproduce(2) progenitor or parent cells that
continue to divide and reproduce, like blood, skin, and liver cells(3)
undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large
number of progenitor cells if needed.
◍ What are progenitor cells?.
Answer: --the more specialized cells are unable to divide, so they rely on
progenitor or parent cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated
to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide--they have enough
differentiation so the daughter cells are limited to the same cell line, but not
quite differentiated enough to prohibit active proliferation
◍ benefits of the stem cell.
Answer: --remain dormant until they are needed--When needed, they can
divide, produce other stem cells, and carry out the functions of the
