1.Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and rest - ANSWER-Review: the
parasympathetic system is all about what?
Parasympathetic System - ANSWER-Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and
rest
2.Increases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature, and increases blood
pressure - ANSWER-The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an
individual by doing which of the following? (select all that apply)
C.Sympathetic Nervous System - ANSWER-Increasing body temperature
E.Sympathetic Nervous System - ANSWER-Increasing blood pressure, increases blood
sugar levels, increases body temperature.
Sympathetic Nervous System - ANSWER-Increases blood sugar levels, increases body
temperature, and increases blood pressure
- ANSWER-In general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are concerned
with the protection of the individual, which include increasing glucose, body temp, and
BP.
3. Mobilizing energy stores, glucose to muscles, decreased release of insulin, redirects
blood supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs - ANSWER-Review: the
sympathetic system is all about what?
Sympathetic System - ANSWER-It's all about mobilizing energy stores, for instance
glucose to muscles, decreased release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to
the muscles, heart, and lungs.
4.Level of consciousness - ANSWER-Which characteristic is the most critical index of
nervous system dysfunction?
,Most Critical Index of Nervous system dysfunction - ANSWER-LOC is the most critical
clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. An alteration in consciousness
indicates either improvement or deterioration of a person's condition.
5.Prefrontal Lobe - ANSWER-Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of
which area of the brain?
Prefrontal lobe - ANSWER-area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the
ability to concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of thought and
inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS.
6. Broca area in the frontal lobe - ANSWER-Where is the region responsible for the
motor aspects?
Broca are in the frontal lobe - ANSWER-Broca speech area is the only region
responsible for the motor aspects of speech.
7.Basal ganglia - ANSWER-Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with
defects in which area of the brain?
8. Hypothalamus - ANSWER-Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the
implementation of behavioral patterns are main functions of which area of the brain?
1)maintenance of a constant internal environment, and 2) implementation of behavioral
patterns - ANSWER-Hypothalamic function falls into 2 major areas:
9.Limbic System and prefrontal cortex - ANSWER-What parts of the brain mediate the
expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral states?
Mediate expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral states - ANSWER-Limbic
system and prefrontal cortex
10. Medulla Oblongata - ANSWER-Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood
pressure, respirations, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area
of the brain?
Medulla Oblongata - ANSWER-makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest portion
of the brainstem.
11.Cerebellum - ANSWER-Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for
conscious and unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture?
12. 20% or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute - ANSWER-The brain receives
approximately what percentage of the cardiac output?
13. uneven expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temperature
regulation - ANSWER-What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient
experiences trauma to the hypothalamus? (select all that apply)
Trauma to hypothalamus - ANSWER-Uneven expression of mood, unstable blood
glucose levels, and poor temp regulation
Hypothalamus - ANSWER-Forms the base of the diencephalon. Function controls
autonomic nervous system function, regulation of body temp, endocrine function
(glucose levels), and regulation of emotional expression.
14.Skin and Mucous Membranes - ANSWER-What is the first defense of our bodies?
15. To prevent infection of the injured tissue - ANSWER-Which action is the purpose of
the inflammatory process?
Inflammation - ANSWER-If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local
and system response ______________ is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to
protect against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue.
, Loss of function (functio laesa) - ANSWER-There is a 5th sign known as loss of function
(functio laesa) but Dr. Wunderlich did not mention this.
16.Edema (tumor), warmth (calor), redness (rubor), and pain (dolar) - ANSWER-What
are the 4 cardinal signs of infection?
17. Leukocytes - ANSWER-Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of
infection?
18. Increased Capillary permeability - ANSWER-What causes the edema that occurs
during the inflammatory process?
Inflammatory process - ANSWER-The increased flow and capillary permeability result in
a leakage of plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue and is
solely responsible for inflammation-induced edema.
19. Vasodilation of blood vessels - ANSWER-What process causes heat and redness to
occur during the inflammatory process?
locally increased warmth and redness - ANSWER-The increased blood flow, as a result
of vasodilation and increasing concentration of red cells at the site of inflammation
cause
20. Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area - ANSWER-The chemotactic factor affects
the inflammatory process by?
neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
(ECF-A), are released during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type
of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation. - ANSWER-
Two chemotactic factors:
What is pain mediated by? - ANSWER-Histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes, and
prostaglandins
22. Tag the pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and
macrophages. - ANSWER-The function of opsonization related to the complement
cascade is to:
Function of opsonization - ANSWER-C3b adheres to the surface of a pathogenic
microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily
neutrophils and macrophages.
23.Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteria - ANSWER-During phagocytosis
what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization?
Opsonization - ANSWER-During phagocytosis, _______________ involes only the
recognition and adherence of phagocytes to bacteria.
24. Recognition (opsonization), engulfment, fusion, and destruction - ANSWER-What is
the correct sequence of phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis - ANSWER-Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only
correct sequence of involves opsonization or recognition of the target and adherence of
the phagocyte to it, engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of
phagosome, fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte and destruction of the
target.
25.Fever and leukocytosis - ANSWER-Which manifestations of inflammation is
systemic?
parasympathetic system is all about what?
Parasympathetic System - ANSWER-Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and
rest
2.Increases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature, and increases blood
pressure - ANSWER-The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an
individual by doing which of the following? (select all that apply)
C.Sympathetic Nervous System - ANSWER-Increasing body temperature
E.Sympathetic Nervous System - ANSWER-Increasing blood pressure, increases blood
sugar levels, increases body temperature.
Sympathetic Nervous System - ANSWER-Increases blood sugar levels, increases body
temperature, and increases blood pressure
- ANSWER-In general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are concerned
with the protection of the individual, which include increasing glucose, body temp, and
BP.
3. Mobilizing energy stores, glucose to muscles, decreased release of insulin, redirects
blood supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs - ANSWER-Review: the
sympathetic system is all about what?
Sympathetic System - ANSWER-It's all about mobilizing energy stores, for instance
glucose to muscles, decreased release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to
the muscles, heart, and lungs.
4.Level of consciousness - ANSWER-Which characteristic is the most critical index of
nervous system dysfunction?
,Most Critical Index of Nervous system dysfunction - ANSWER-LOC is the most critical
clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. An alteration in consciousness
indicates either improvement or deterioration of a person's condition.
5.Prefrontal Lobe - ANSWER-Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of
which area of the brain?
Prefrontal lobe - ANSWER-area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the
ability to concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of thought and
inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS.
6. Broca area in the frontal lobe - ANSWER-Where is the region responsible for the
motor aspects?
Broca are in the frontal lobe - ANSWER-Broca speech area is the only region
responsible for the motor aspects of speech.
7.Basal ganglia - ANSWER-Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with
defects in which area of the brain?
8. Hypothalamus - ANSWER-Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the
implementation of behavioral patterns are main functions of which area of the brain?
1)maintenance of a constant internal environment, and 2) implementation of behavioral
patterns - ANSWER-Hypothalamic function falls into 2 major areas:
9.Limbic System and prefrontal cortex - ANSWER-What parts of the brain mediate the
expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral states?
Mediate expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral states - ANSWER-Limbic
system and prefrontal cortex
10. Medulla Oblongata - ANSWER-Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood
pressure, respirations, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area
of the brain?
Medulla Oblongata - ANSWER-makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest portion
of the brainstem.
11.Cerebellum - ANSWER-Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for
conscious and unconscious muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture?
12. 20% or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute - ANSWER-The brain receives
approximately what percentage of the cardiac output?
13. uneven expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temperature
regulation - ANSWER-What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient
experiences trauma to the hypothalamus? (select all that apply)
Trauma to hypothalamus - ANSWER-Uneven expression of mood, unstable blood
glucose levels, and poor temp regulation
Hypothalamus - ANSWER-Forms the base of the diencephalon. Function controls
autonomic nervous system function, regulation of body temp, endocrine function
(glucose levels), and regulation of emotional expression.
14.Skin and Mucous Membranes - ANSWER-What is the first defense of our bodies?
15. To prevent infection of the injured tissue - ANSWER-Which action is the purpose of
the inflammatory process?
Inflammation - ANSWER-If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local
and system response ______________ is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to
protect against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue.
, Loss of function (functio laesa) - ANSWER-There is a 5th sign known as loss of function
(functio laesa) but Dr. Wunderlich did not mention this.
16.Edema (tumor), warmth (calor), redness (rubor), and pain (dolar) - ANSWER-What
are the 4 cardinal signs of infection?
17. Leukocytes - ANSWER-Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of
infection?
18. Increased Capillary permeability - ANSWER-What causes the edema that occurs
during the inflammatory process?
Inflammatory process - ANSWER-The increased flow and capillary permeability result in
a leakage of plasma from the vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue and is
solely responsible for inflammation-induced edema.
19. Vasodilation of blood vessels - ANSWER-What process causes heat and redness to
occur during the inflammatory process?
locally increased warmth and redness - ANSWER-The increased blood flow, as a result
of vasodilation and increasing concentration of red cells at the site of inflammation
cause
20. Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area - ANSWER-The chemotactic factor affects
the inflammatory process by?
neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
(ECF-A), are released during mast cell degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type
of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site of inflammation. - ANSWER-
Two chemotactic factors:
What is pain mediated by? - ANSWER-Histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes, and
prostaglandins
22. Tag the pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and
macrophages. - ANSWER-The function of opsonization related to the complement
cascade is to:
Function of opsonization - ANSWER-C3b adheres to the surface of a pathogenic
microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag
microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system, primarily
neutrophils and macrophages.
23.Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteria - ANSWER-During phagocytosis
what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization?
Opsonization - ANSWER-During phagocytosis, _______________ involes only the
recognition and adherence of phagocytes to bacteria.
24. Recognition (opsonization), engulfment, fusion, and destruction - ANSWER-What is
the correct sequence of phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis - ANSWER-Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only
correct sequence of involves opsonization or recognition of the target and adherence of
the phagocyte to it, engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of
phagosome, fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte and destruction of the
target.
25.Fever and leukocytosis - ANSWER-Which manifestations of inflammation is
systemic?
