ICTL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE
TEST BANK WITH ANSWERS
◉ What is Marxist-Leninist political theory?
Answer: A system of political and economic analysis that critiques
liberal and individualist economics, emphasizing state control over
market forces.
◉ Who are two key figures associated with the Human Development
Framework?
Answer: Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen.
◉ What is the central argument of Mahbub ul Haq regarding
development?
Answer: Increase in income is a means to an end, not the end itself;
real security involves the security of people in their homes, jobs, and
communities.
◉ What is Amartya Sen's concept of development?
Answer: Development as freedom, where individual freedom
enables political participation, economic development, and social
progress.
,◉ What are the five development indices included in the Human
Development Report?
Answer: HDI, Human Poverty Index 1 (HPI 1), Human Poverty Index
2 (HPI 2), Gender Related Development Index, and Gender
Empowerment Measure.
◉ What does the Human Poverty Index (HPI) measure?
Answer: The level of poverty in a country, with HPI 1 for developing
countries and HPI 2 for selected OECD member countries.
◉ What is the purpose of the Human Development Report (HDR)?
Answer: To open the development debate through research, policy
analyses, and recommendations for action.
◉ What are the three indices that make up the HDI?
Answer: Life expectancy, education/literacy, and standard of living.
◉ What criticism emerged regarding early development
approaches?
Answer: Macro-level statistics often concealed ground realities,
showing that economic growth did not necessarily eradicate poverty
or reduce inequalities.
, ◉ What did human rights groups and grassroots movements
highlight about economic models?
Answer: They pointed out the failure of these models to address core
issues affecting people's lives, especially in developing countries.
◉ What is the significance of the Human Development Framework
introduced by the UNDP in 1990?
Answer: It emphasizes human well-being as the ultimate goal of
development, moving beyond material progress.
◉ What limitations can affect the exercise of freedom of choice for
the poor?
Answer: Limitations can arise from poverty of income, education,
healthcare, and social inequalities related to gender, religion, and
ethnicity.
◉ Who authored 'Reflections on Human Development'?
Answer: Mahbub ul Haq.
◉ Who wrote 'Development as Freedom'?
Answer: Amartya Sen.
◉ What is the focus of the new paradigm for development proposed
by Haq and Sen?
TEST BANK WITH ANSWERS
◉ What is Marxist-Leninist political theory?
Answer: A system of political and economic analysis that critiques
liberal and individualist economics, emphasizing state control over
market forces.
◉ Who are two key figures associated with the Human Development
Framework?
Answer: Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen.
◉ What is the central argument of Mahbub ul Haq regarding
development?
Answer: Increase in income is a means to an end, not the end itself;
real security involves the security of people in their homes, jobs, and
communities.
◉ What is Amartya Sen's concept of development?
Answer: Development as freedom, where individual freedom
enables political participation, economic development, and social
progress.
,◉ What are the five development indices included in the Human
Development Report?
Answer: HDI, Human Poverty Index 1 (HPI 1), Human Poverty Index
2 (HPI 2), Gender Related Development Index, and Gender
Empowerment Measure.
◉ What does the Human Poverty Index (HPI) measure?
Answer: The level of poverty in a country, with HPI 1 for developing
countries and HPI 2 for selected OECD member countries.
◉ What is the purpose of the Human Development Report (HDR)?
Answer: To open the development debate through research, policy
analyses, and recommendations for action.
◉ What are the three indices that make up the HDI?
Answer: Life expectancy, education/literacy, and standard of living.
◉ What criticism emerged regarding early development
approaches?
Answer: Macro-level statistics often concealed ground realities,
showing that economic growth did not necessarily eradicate poverty
or reduce inequalities.
, ◉ What did human rights groups and grassroots movements
highlight about economic models?
Answer: They pointed out the failure of these models to address core
issues affecting people's lives, especially in developing countries.
◉ What is the significance of the Human Development Framework
introduced by the UNDP in 1990?
Answer: It emphasizes human well-being as the ultimate goal of
development, moving beyond material progress.
◉ What limitations can affect the exercise of freedom of choice for
the poor?
Answer: Limitations can arise from poverty of income, education,
healthcare, and social inequalities related to gender, religion, and
ethnicity.
◉ Who authored 'Reflections on Human Development'?
Answer: Mahbub ul Haq.
◉ Who wrote 'Development as Freedom'?
Answer: Amartya Sen.
◉ What is the focus of the new paradigm for development proposed
by Haq and Sen?
