BBH 101 FINAL TEST PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A
PLUS
◉ What are the steps of hypothesis testing in the scientific method?
Answer: Observe, hypothesize, predict, test.
◉ What does a p-value indicate in statistical testing?
Answer: The probability of obtaining the result if there is no
relationship between the variables.
◉ What p-value is generally accepted as a significant finding?
Answer: A p-value of < 0.05.
◉ What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Answer: Prevalence measures the total cases at a given time, while
incidence measures new cases over a specific period.
◉ What is an odds ratio?
Answer: It tells how much more likely people with the exposure are
to have the outcome compared to those without the exposure.
,◉ What does an odds ratio of 10.0 indicate in a case-control study of
smoking and lung cancer?
Answer: Smokers are 10 times more likely to have lung cancer than
non-smokers.
◉ What are the phases of a randomized clinical trial (RCT)?
Answer: Phase I tests safety, Phase II tests effectiveness, Phase III
tests against standard treatment, Phase IV gathers additional
information post-approval.
◉ What are the major divisions of the nervous system?
Answer: Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous
system (PNS).
◉ What components make up a neuron?
Answer: Dendrites, soma, axon, and synaptic boutons.
◉ What is included in the nonspecific immune response?
Answer: Innate defenses, white blood cells, phagocytes, natural
killer cells, interferon, and complement proteins.
◉ What role do B cells play in the specific immune response?
, Answer: They produce antibodies and can divide into plasma and
memory cells when activated by an antigen.
◉ What is the difference between primary and secondary immune
responses?
Answer: Primary response occurs upon first exposure to an antigen,
while secondary response occurs upon re-exposure.
◉ What are the four chambers of the heart?
Answer: Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle.
◉ What is the function of the sinoatrial node?
Answer: It acts as the pacemaker of the heart.
◉ What do chromosomes contain?
Answer: Strands of DNA that contain thousands of genes.
◉ What is an allele?
Answer: One of two or more different forms of a gene.
◉ What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Answer: Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the
observable characteristics.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A
PLUS
◉ What are the steps of hypothesis testing in the scientific method?
Answer: Observe, hypothesize, predict, test.
◉ What does a p-value indicate in statistical testing?
Answer: The probability of obtaining the result if there is no
relationship between the variables.
◉ What p-value is generally accepted as a significant finding?
Answer: A p-value of < 0.05.
◉ What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Answer: Prevalence measures the total cases at a given time, while
incidence measures new cases over a specific period.
◉ What is an odds ratio?
Answer: It tells how much more likely people with the exposure are
to have the outcome compared to those without the exposure.
,◉ What does an odds ratio of 10.0 indicate in a case-control study of
smoking and lung cancer?
Answer: Smokers are 10 times more likely to have lung cancer than
non-smokers.
◉ What are the phases of a randomized clinical trial (RCT)?
Answer: Phase I tests safety, Phase II tests effectiveness, Phase III
tests against standard treatment, Phase IV gathers additional
information post-approval.
◉ What are the major divisions of the nervous system?
Answer: Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous
system (PNS).
◉ What components make up a neuron?
Answer: Dendrites, soma, axon, and synaptic boutons.
◉ What is included in the nonspecific immune response?
Answer: Innate defenses, white blood cells, phagocytes, natural
killer cells, interferon, and complement proteins.
◉ What role do B cells play in the specific immune response?
, Answer: They produce antibodies and can divide into plasma and
memory cells when activated by an antigen.
◉ What is the difference between primary and secondary immune
responses?
Answer: Primary response occurs upon first exposure to an antigen,
while secondary response occurs upon re-exposure.
◉ What are the four chambers of the heart?
Answer: Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle.
◉ What is the function of the sinoatrial node?
Answer: It acts as the pacemaker of the heart.
◉ What do chromosomes contain?
Answer: Strands of DNA that contain thousands of genes.
◉ What is an allele?
Answer: One of two or more different forms of a gene.
◉ What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Answer: Genotype is the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the
observable characteristics.
