PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASE AN
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE
8TH EDITION HAMMER MCPHEE FINAL
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
FULL SOLUTION VERIFIED
⩥ What are the key mechanisms of diabetes? Answer: Impaired insulin
secretion (B-cell dysfunction), insulin resistance
⩥ What is the function of insulin? Answer: Increases cellular glucose
uptake and glycogen synthesis, decreases hepatic glucose production and
lipolysis
⩥ What are the two secretion patterns of insulin? Answer: Basal, bolus
⩥ What is basal secretion of insulin? Answer: When insulin is released
in the fasting state or in the absence of exogenous stimuli
⩥ What is the bolus secretion of insulin? Answer: When insulin is
released after meals
⩥ What is type 1 diabetes mellitus? Answer: Absolute insulin deficiency
due to autoimmune B-cell destruction
, ⩥ What is type 2 diabetes mellitus? Answer: Insulin resistance with
progressive insulin secretory defect
⩥ What is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)? Answer: Glucose
intolerance during pregnancy
⩥ What diagnostic criteria is required to diagnose diabetes? Answer:
Fasting plasma glucose, random glucose, 2 hour plasma glucose after
oral tolerance test., A1C
⩥ What is the important thing about testing a patient to diagnose
diabetes? Answer: Do all the tests on different days
⩥ What fasting plasma glucose level indicates diabetes? Answer: ≥ 126
mg/dL
⩥ What random glucose level indicates diabetes? Answer: ≥200 mg/dL
with symptoms
⩥ What A1C reading indicates diabetes? Answer: 6.5% or greater
INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL MEDICINE
8TH EDITION HAMMER MCPHEE FINAL
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
FULL SOLUTION VERIFIED
⩥ What are the key mechanisms of diabetes? Answer: Impaired insulin
secretion (B-cell dysfunction), insulin resistance
⩥ What is the function of insulin? Answer: Increases cellular glucose
uptake and glycogen synthesis, decreases hepatic glucose production and
lipolysis
⩥ What are the two secretion patterns of insulin? Answer: Basal, bolus
⩥ What is basal secretion of insulin? Answer: When insulin is released
in the fasting state or in the absence of exogenous stimuli
⩥ What is the bolus secretion of insulin? Answer: When insulin is
released after meals
⩥ What is type 1 diabetes mellitus? Answer: Absolute insulin deficiency
due to autoimmune B-cell destruction
, ⩥ What is type 2 diabetes mellitus? Answer: Insulin resistance with
progressive insulin secretory defect
⩥ What is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)? Answer: Glucose
intolerance during pregnancy
⩥ What diagnostic criteria is required to diagnose diabetes? Answer:
Fasting plasma glucose, random glucose, 2 hour plasma glucose after
oral tolerance test., A1C
⩥ What is the important thing about testing a patient to diagnose
diabetes? Answer: Do all the tests on different days
⩥ What fasting plasma glucose level indicates diabetes? Answer: ≥ 126
mg/dL
⩥ What random glucose level indicates diabetes? Answer: ≥200 mg/dL
with symptoms
⩥ What A1C reading indicates diabetes? Answer: 6.5% or greater
