FUNCTIONAL GROUP CHEMISTRY
FOR DESIGNER MOLECULES
Rafaela Gaspar ID 192763 BTEC Applied Science Level 3
2020/2021
,2
APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................4
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMULAE......................................................................................................5
THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA.......................................................................................................................5
THE MOLECULAR FORMULA....................................................................................................................5
THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA....................................................................................................................5
THE DISPLAYED FORMULA.......................................................................................................................5
THE STEREOCHEMICAL FORMULA..............................................................................................................5
THE SKELETAL FORMULA.........................................................................................................................6
NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................................7
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS..........................................................................................................................7
NUMBER OF ATOMS (SUFFIX)..................................................................................................................7
TYPE OF BOND (SUFFIX).........................................................................................................................8
GROUP (SUFFIX)...................................................................................................................................8
NON-OXYGEN-CONTAINING GROUPS (PREFIX)............................................................................................8
TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS........................................................................................................8
ISOMERISM....................................................................................................................................11
STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM......................................................................................................................11
STEREOISOMERISM..............................................................................................................................13
DIFFERENT WAYS OF BREAKING BONDS.........................................................................................13
HOMOLYSIS........................................................................................................................................13
BOND HETEROLYSIS FORMING CARBOCATIONS..........................................................................................14
BOND HETEROLYSIS FORMING CARBANIONS.............................................................................................14
HALOGENOALKANES.......................................................................................................................14
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................14
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................15
REACTIONS OF HALOGENOALKANES.........................................................................................................15
PREPARING HALOGENOALKANES.............................................................................................................18
ALCOHOLS......................................................................................................................................19
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................19
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................20
REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS.....................................................................................................................20
PREPARING ALCOHOLS.........................................................................................................................24
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APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ALDEHYDES & KETONES..................................................................................................................27
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................27
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................28
REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES & KETONES....................................................................................................29
PREPARING CARBONYL COMPOUNDS.......................................................................................................33
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & ESTERS.........................................................................................................33
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................33
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................35
REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS..........................................................................................................36
ESTERS..............................................................................................................................................40
PREPARING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS..............................................................................................................42
AMINES, AMIDES AND AMINO ACIDS.............................................................................................43
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................43
AMINES................................................................................................................................................43
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................44
REACTIONS OF AMINES..............................................................................................................................45
REACTIONS AS NUCLEOPHILES.....................................................................................................................47
REACTION WITH NITROUS ACID (NITRIC (III) ACID)..........................................................................................48
REACTIONS OF DIAZONIUM SALTS................................................................................................................48
PREPARING AMINES..................................................................................................................................49
AMIDES................................................................................................................................................50
PROPERTIES OF AMIDES.............................................................................................................................50
PREPARATION AND HYDROLYSIS OF AMIDES...................................................................................................51
REACTIONS OF AMIDES..............................................................................................................................51
REDUCTION TO AMINES.............................................................................................................................52
AMINO ACIDS......................................................................................................................................52
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES...........................................................................................................52
REACTIONS OF AMINO ACIDS......................................................................................................................54
ACYL CHLORIDES.............................................................................................................................55
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................55
PROPERTIES OF ACYL CHLORIDES............................................................................................................56
REACTIONS OF ACYL CHLORIDES.............................................................................................................57
WITH WATER...........................................................................................................................................57
WITH ALCOHOLS OR PHENOLS.....................................................................................................................57
WITH AMMONIA AND AMINES....................................................................................................................58
SUBSTITUTION REACTION: HALOGENOALKANE WITH AQUEOUS NAOH.........................................58
ELIMINATION REACTION: HALOGENOALKANE WITH ETHANOLIC NAOH.........................................59
ADDITION-ELIMINATION REACTION: ALDEHYDE/KETONE WITH 2,4 – DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE
.......................................................................................................................................................59
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APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PLAN OF A MULTI-STEP SYNTHESIS.................................................................................................60
ETHYL ETHANOATE (CH3CO2CH2CH3), STARTING FROM ETHANOL AND ETHANAL..............................................60
N-ETHYLACETAMIDE (CH3CONHCH2CH3), STARTING FROM CHLOROETHANE AND ETHANOYL CHLORIDE................61
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................62
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................63
FOR DESIGNER MOLECULES
Rafaela Gaspar ID 192763 BTEC Applied Science Level 3
2020/2021
,2
APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................4
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMULAE......................................................................................................5
THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA.......................................................................................................................5
THE MOLECULAR FORMULA....................................................................................................................5
THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA....................................................................................................................5
THE DISPLAYED FORMULA.......................................................................................................................5
THE STEREOCHEMICAL FORMULA..............................................................................................................5
THE SKELETAL FORMULA.........................................................................................................................6
NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................................7
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS..........................................................................................................................7
NUMBER OF ATOMS (SUFFIX)..................................................................................................................7
TYPE OF BOND (SUFFIX).........................................................................................................................8
GROUP (SUFFIX)...................................................................................................................................8
NON-OXYGEN-CONTAINING GROUPS (PREFIX)............................................................................................8
TYPES OF ORGANIC REACTIONS........................................................................................................8
ISOMERISM....................................................................................................................................11
STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM......................................................................................................................11
STEREOISOMERISM..............................................................................................................................13
DIFFERENT WAYS OF BREAKING BONDS.........................................................................................13
HOMOLYSIS........................................................................................................................................13
BOND HETEROLYSIS FORMING CARBOCATIONS..........................................................................................14
BOND HETEROLYSIS FORMING CARBANIONS.............................................................................................14
HALOGENOALKANES.......................................................................................................................14
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................14
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................15
REACTIONS OF HALOGENOALKANES.........................................................................................................15
PREPARING HALOGENOALKANES.............................................................................................................18
ALCOHOLS......................................................................................................................................19
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................19
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................20
REACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS.....................................................................................................................20
PREPARING ALCOHOLS.........................................................................................................................24
,2
APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ALDEHYDES & KETONES..................................................................................................................27
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................27
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................28
REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES & KETONES....................................................................................................29
PREPARING CARBONYL COMPOUNDS.......................................................................................................33
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS & ESTERS.........................................................................................................33
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................33
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................35
REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS..........................................................................................................36
ESTERS..............................................................................................................................................40
PREPARING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS..............................................................................................................42
AMINES, AMIDES AND AMINO ACIDS.............................................................................................43
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................43
AMINES................................................................................................................................................43
ISOMERISM & NOMENCLATURE..............................................................................................................44
REACTIONS OF AMINES..............................................................................................................................45
REACTIONS AS NUCLEOPHILES.....................................................................................................................47
REACTION WITH NITROUS ACID (NITRIC (III) ACID)..........................................................................................48
REACTIONS OF DIAZONIUM SALTS................................................................................................................48
PREPARING AMINES..................................................................................................................................49
AMIDES................................................................................................................................................50
PROPERTIES OF AMIDES.............................................................................................................................50
PREPARATION AND HYDROLYSIS OF AMIDES...................................................................................................51
REACTIONS OF AMIDES..............................................................................................................................51
REDUCTION TO AMINES.............................................................................................................................52
AMINO ACIDS......................................................................................................................................52
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES...........................................................................................................52
REACTIONS OF AMINO ACIDS......................................................................................................................54
ACYL CHLORIDES.............................................................................................................................55
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................55
PROPERTIES OF ACYL CHLORIDES............................................................................................................56
REACTIONS OF ACYL CHLORIDES.............................................................................................................57
WITH WATER...........................................................................................................................................57
WITH ALCOHOLS OR PHENOLS.....................................................................................................................57
WITH AMMONIA AND AMINES....................................................................................................................58
SUBSTITUTION REACTION: HALOGENOALKANE WITH AQUEOUS NAOH.........................................58
ELIMINATION REACTION: HALOGENOALKANE WITH ETHANOLIC NAOH.........................................59
ADDITION-ELIMINATION REACTION: ALDEHYDE/KETONE WITH 2,4 – DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE
.......................................................................................................................................................59
, 2
APPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PLAN OF A MULTI-STEP SYNTHESIS.................................................................................................60
ETHYL ETHANOATE (CH3CO2CH2CH3), STARTING FROM ETHANOL AND ETHANAL..............................................60
N-ETHYLACETAMIDE (CH3CONHCH2CH3), STARTING FROM CHLOROETHANE AND ETHANOYL CHLORIDE................61
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................62
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................63
