MCN 538 LATEST 2026 EXAM TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Monocytes: - ✔✔These cells arrive at the site of injury in about five hours or more.
The monocytes are phagocytic cells that remove foreign materials such as injured and
dead cells, microorganisms and other particles from the site of injury, particularly during
viral or bacterial infections.
Normal levels, which vary depending on the source, range from 2%-8% or 3-4%-10%.
✔✔Lymphocytes: - ✔✔fight viral infections; B cells and T cells are two major types.
Lymphocytes have a key role in the formation of immunoglobins (humoral immunity)
and also provide cellular immunity.
Normal levels range from 16% - 45%
✔✔• Normal range for fasting blood glucose results and 2 hour postprandial results -
✔✔Normal Findings FPG, adults ≤100 mg/dL or ≤5.6 mmol/L
Fasting, children (2 to 18 years): 60 to 100 mg/dL or 3.3 to 5.6 mmol/L
Fasting, young children (0 to 2 years): 60-110 mg/dL or 3.3 to 6.1 mmol/L
Fasting, premature infants: 40-65 mg/dL or 2.2 to 3.6 mmol/L
✔✔Fasting blood glucose (FBG) - ✔✔defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hours.
Significantly elevated fasting plasma glucose levels >140 mg/dL is hyperglycemia and
usually diagnostic of diabetes.
Mild or borderline cases may present with normal fasting glucose values which if
diabetes is suspected then a glucose tolerance test (GTT) can confirm the diagnosis.
✔✔CRITICAL ALERT! - ✔✔FBG: < 40 mg/dL may cause brain damage (women and
children), <50 mg/dL (men); >400 mg/dL may cause coma
✔✔2 hour PostPrandial if plasmas glucose - ✔✔(PG) ≥200 mg/dL during oral GTT using
a glucose load of 75g meets criteria for diagnosing diabetes
Normal Findings 2h PP 120-Minute (2-Hour GTT Test)
2-Hour PG after 75-g Glucose Load
Adults: ≤200 mg/dL or ≤11.1 mmol/L
, Adults: 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L), IGT
✔✔GDM to make a diagnosis of GDM, - ✔✔at least 2 of the following PG values must
be found with OGTT:
FBG >95 mg/dL (>5.3 mmol/L)
1-hour >180 mg/dL (>10.0 mmol/L)
2-hour >155 mg/dL (>8.6 mmol/L)
3-hour >140 mg/dL (7.8mmol/L)
✔✔• Evaluation of anemia - ✔✔Anemia - in which there is a reduction in the number of
circulating RBCs, amount of Hb or volume of packed cells (Hct).
✔✔Hyperproliferative anemias (inadequate productions of RBCs) - ✔✔-marrow aplasia
-myelophthisic anemia
-anemia with blood dyscrasias
-anemia of chronic disease
-anemia with organ failure
✔✔•Maturation defect anemias-- - ✔✔-cytoplasmic: hypochromic anemias
-nuclear: megaloblastic anemias
-combined: myelodysplastic syndromes
✔✔Hyperproliferative anemias - ✔✔(decreased Hb or Hct despite an increased
production of RBCs)
✔✔Hemorrhagic: - ✔✔acute blood loss
✔✔-Hemolytic: a premature, accelerated destruction of RBCs - ✔✔-immune hemolysis
-primary membrane
-hemoglobinopathies
-toxic hemolysis (physical-chemical)
-traumatic or microangiopathic hemolysis
-hypersplenism
-enzymopathies
-parasitic infection
✔✔Dilutional anemias - ✔✔-pregnancy
-splenomegaly
✔✔Interfering Factors - - ✔✔People living at high altitudes have increased Hb values as
well as increased Hct & RBC count.
-Excessive fluid intakes causes a decreased Hb.
AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Monocytes: - ✔✔These cells arrive at the site of injury in about five hours or more.
The monocytes are phagocytic cells that remove foreign materials such as injured and
dead cells, microorganisms and other particles from the site of injury, particularly during
viral or bacterial infections.
Normal levels, which vary depending on the source, range from 2%-8% or 3-4%-10%.
✔✔Lymphocytes: - ✔✔fight viral infections; B cells and T cells are two major types.
Lymphocytes have a key role in the formation of immunoglobins (humoral immunity)
and also provide cellular immunity.
Normal levels range from 16% - 45%
✔✔• Normal range for fasting blood glucose results and 2 hour postprandial results -
✔✔Normal Findings FPG, adults ≤100 mg/dL or ≤5.6 mmol/L
Fasting, children (2 to 18 years): 60 to 100 mg/dL or 3.3 to 5.6 mmol/L
Fasting, young children (0 to 2 years): 60-110 mg/dL or 3.3 to 6.1 mmol/L
Fasting, premature infants: 40-65 mg/dL or 2.2 to 3.6 mmol/L
✔✔Fasting blood glucose (FBG) - ✔✔defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hours.
Significantly elevated fasting plasma glucose levels >140 mg/dL is hyperglycemia and
usually diagnostic of diabetes.
Mild or borderline cases may present with normal fasting glucose values which if
diabetes is suspected then a glucose tolerance test (GTT) can confirm the diagnosis.
✔✔CRITICAL ALERT! - ✔✔FBG: < 40 mg/dL may cause brain damage (women and
children), <50 mg/dL (men); >400 mg/dL may cause coma
✔✔2 hour PostPrandial if plasmas glucose - ✔✔(PG) ≥200 mg/dL during oral GTT using
a glucose load of 75g meets criteria for diagnosing diabetes
Normal Findings 2h PP 120-Minute (2-Hour GTT Test)
2-Hour PG after 75-g Glucose Load
Adults: ≤200 mg/dL or ≤11.1 mmol/L
, Adults: 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L), IGT
✔✔GDM to make a diagnosis of GDM, - ✔✔at least 2 of the following PG values must
be found with OGTT:
FBG >95 mg/dL (>5.3 mmol/L)
1-hour >180 mg/dL (>10.0 mmol/L)
2-hour >155 mg/dL (>8.6 mmol/L)
3-hour >140 mg/dL (7.8mmol/L)
✔✔• Evaluation of anemia - ✔✔Anemia - in which there is a reduction in the number of
circulating RBCs, amount of Hb or volume of packed cells (Hct).
✔✔Hyperproliferative anemias (inadequate productions of RBCs) - ✔✔-marrow aplasia
-myelophthisic anemia
-anemia with blood dyscrasias
-anemia of chronic disease
-anemia with organ failure
✔✔•Maturation defect anemias-- - ✔✔-cytoplasmic: hypochromic anemias
-nuclear: megaloblastic anemias
-combined: myelodysplastic syndromes
✔✔Hyperproliferative anemias - ✔✔(decreased Hb or Hct despite an increased
production of RBCs)
✔✔Hemorrhagic: - ✔✔acute blood loss
✔✔-Hemolytic: a premature, accelerated destruction of RBCs - ✔✔-immune hemolysis
-primary membrane
-hemoglobinopathies
-toxic hemolysis (physical-chemical)
-traumatic or microangiopathic hemolysis
-hypersplenism
-enzymopathies
-parasitic infection
✔✔Dilutional anemias - ✔✔-pregnancy
-splenomegaly
✔✔Interfering Factors - - ✔✔People living at high altitudes have increased Hb values as
well as increased Hct & RBC count.
-Excessive fluid intakes causes a decreased Hb.
