BIOL 251 A&P EXAM 1; PORTAGE LEARNING QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
CORRECT RATED A+ UPDATED 2025/2026
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about
changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one
appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out
respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for respiration to
occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very critical; also, if the larger
surface area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a
smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active
respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an
improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface
area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its
volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume)
this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by covering the
trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and, preventing these
things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
,BIOL 251 A&P EXAM 1; PORTAGE LEARNING QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
CORRECT RATED A+ UPDATED 2025/2026
Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B- ___________
Label D- __________
Label E- __________
Label F- __________
Label G- __________
B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers.
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces excess secretion of
hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a protective mucousa layer causing
disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to
erosion of the stomach lining.
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3: ___________
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________
3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
,BIOL 251 A&P EXAM 1; PORTAGE LEARNING QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
CORRECT RATED A+ UPDATED 2025/2026
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous,
secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl in the stomach; and,
chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH
of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low
pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the
activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the
stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the
active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1: ____________
3:____________
5:____________
7: ____________
8: ____________
1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below:
A: ____________
B: ____________
C: ____________
D: ____________
E: _____________
A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
, BIOL 251 A&P EXAM 1; PORTAGE LEARNING QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
CORRECT RATED A+ UPDATED 2025/2026
C. Capitate
D. Trapezoid
E. Trapezium
A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2) What
type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer.
(1) The textbook states that osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone tissue degenerates
faster than it is replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more likely to fracture
due to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone
repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdown of the bone
which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take the calcium from the blood.
Label the following five muscles:
B: _____________
C: _____________
E: _____________
G: _____________
J: ______________
B: Temporalis
C: Orbicularis oculi
E: Zygomaticus major
G: Buccinator
J: Depressor labii inferioris
When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs?
A. Elbow extension
B. Wrist extension
C. Extension of digit 1
D. Extension of digits 2-5
E. A&C
F. B&D
F. B&D
Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not.
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
CORRECT RATED A+ UPDATED 2025/2026
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell. (T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about
changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell but one
appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out
respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in order for respiration to
occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to volume ratio is very critical; also, if the larger
surface area is present then the diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a
smaller surface to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active
respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to volume ratio and an
improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface
area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its
volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume)
this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent aspiration by covering the
trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus into the esophagus; and, preventing these
things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
,BIOL 251 A&P EXAM 1; PORTAGE LEARNING QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
CORRECT RATED A+ UPDATED 2025/2026
Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B- ___________
Label D- __________
Label E- __________
Label F- __________
Label G- __________
B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin) might develop
gastric/stomach ulcers.
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces excess secretion of
hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts as a protective mucousa layer causing
disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess amounts would lead to
erosion of the stomach lining.
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3: ___________
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________
3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
,BIOL 251 A&P EXAM 1; PORTAGE LEARNING QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
CORRECT RATED A+ UPDATED 2025/2026
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric juices and mucous,
secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal cells produce HCl in the stomach; and,
chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen, rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric acid, generating a pH
of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low
pH stops the activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the
activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the chief cells in the
stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen (secreted by the chief cells) into the
active enzyme pepsin which begins the breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1: ____________
3:____________
5:____________
7: ____________
8: ____________
1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below:
A: ____________
B: ____________
C: ____________
D: ____________
E: _____________
A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
, BIOL 251 A&P EXAM 1; PORTAGE LEARNING QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
CORRECT RATED A+ UPDATED 2025/2026
C. Capitate
D. Trapezoid
E. Trapezium
A patient has a diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) In your own words, describe this diagnosis and (2) What
type of bone cell would they be lacking? Explain your answer.
(1) The textbook states that osteoporosis is a bone tissue disease where the bone tissue degenerates
faster than it is replaced making the bones weak, causing increased pain, and more likely to fracture
due to them being brittle.
(2) Furthermore, there would be a decreased number of osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone
repair; also, the bone repair would be unable to keep up with the ongoing breakdown of the bone
which is responsible in the process that included the osteoblasts that take the calcium from the blood.
Label the following five muscles:
B: _____________
C: _____________
E: _____________
G: _____________
J: ______________
B: Temporalis
C: Orbicularis oculi
E: Zygomaticus major
G: Buccinator
J: Depressor labii inferioris
When extensor digitorum contracts, what action(s) occurs?
A. Elbow extension
B. Wrist extension
C. Extension of digit 1
D. Extension of digits 2-5
E. A&C
F. B&D
F. B&D
Would you expect a male to have estrogen in their bloodstream? Explain why or why not.
