Hondros BIO 254 Exam 1 Latest Questions and
Answers (2026) | Updated Comprehensive
Review with Detailed Rationales | A+ Verified
• What are the organs of the lymphatic system -✓✓Spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic
vessels
• Where are lymph nodes found? -✓✓Everywhere in the body except the CNS ( brain
and spinal cord)
• What does the lymphatic system do? -✓✓Protects the human body against infection
and returns interstitial fluid back to the circulatory system
• What are the 2 main lymphatic ducts -✓✓Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
• What portion of the body does the thoracic duct drain? -✓✓75% of the body, Left
upper body, left and right lower body
• What portion of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain? -✓✓25%, right upper
portion
• Where do the 2 lymphatic ducts empty/drain? -✓✓Subclavian vein, then back to the
circulatory system
• What is the largest lymphatic organ? -✓✓Spleen
• What do lymphatic vessels contain, what do they do? -✓✓Valves, help maintain lymph
circulation and prevents backflow
• What does skeletal muscle contractions and inspirations do? -✓✓help maintain
lymphatic circulation
• Innate Immunity -✓✓Non-specific
Physical barriers
Phagocytosis ( inflammation )
• Adaptive Immunity -✓✓Involves B and T cells
Carried out by lymphocytes
• What is Humoral Immunity -✓✓B cells and antibodies
, • What is cell mediated immunity? -✓✓T cells ( T lymphocytes )
• What are functions of interferons -✓✓Immune signaling for molecules to target and
prevent the spread of viruses
• What is the most abundant Immunoglobulin -✓✓IgG- acts on bacteria, viruses, and
toxins, activates complement
• What immunoglobulin can be found in tears, saliva, and breast milk? -✓✓IgA - found in
exocrine gland secretions, defends against bacteria and viruses.
• What Immunoglobulin is important in memory -✓✓IgM
• What immunoglobulin is linked to allergic reactions and parasite infections -✓✓IgE -
found in exocrine secretions, causes inflammation
• IgD Immunoglobulins activates -✓✓B cells and are most active in infants
• What triggers antibodies?
What is produced to fight antigens? -✓✓1. Antigens
2. Antibodies
• What is the function of memory T and B cells -✓✓To prevent future infections
• What is naturally acquired active immunity? -✓✓Exposure to live pathogens
Stimulates an immune response to disease symptoms
Ex. Measles infection, flu virus
• What is naturally acquired passive immunity? -✓✓Short term immunity of a newborn
that shows 0 immune response.
Ex. mothers breast milk
• What is a fever an example of? -✓✓Innate immunity
• What helps enhance the effects of most phagocytes? -✓✓Fever
• What is an example of innate immunity? -✓✓Compliment
• What is species resistance? -✓✓The ability for a certain species to be resistant to a
specific disease. Ex. a bird can get a disease that humans cannot
• What is Thymosin? -✓✓Hormone that stimulates T cell maturation
• What are the characteristics of inflammation ? -✓✓Redness, pain, swelling, heat
Answers (2026) | Updated Comprehensive
Review with Detailed Rationales | A+ Verified
• What are the organs of the lymphatic system -✓✓Spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic
vessels
• Where are lymph nodes found? -✓✓Everywhere in the body except the CNS ( brain
and spinal cord)
• What does the lymphatic system do? -✓✓Protects the human body against infection
and returns interstitial fluid back to the circulatory system
• What are the 2 main lymphatic ducts -✓✓Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
• What portion of the body does the thoracic duct drain? -✓✓75% of the body, Left
upper body, left and right lower body
• What portion of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain? -✓✓25%, right upper
portion
• Where do the 2 lymphatic ducts empty/drain? -✓✓Subclavian vein, then back to the
circulatory system
• What is the largest lymphatic organ? -✓✓Spleen
• What do lymphatic vessels contain, what do they do? -✓✓Valves, help maintain lymph
circulation and prevents backflow
• What does skeletal muscle contractions and inspirations do? -✓✓help maintain
lymphatic circulation
• Innate Immunity -✓✓Non-specific
Physical barriers
Phagocytosis ( inflammation )
• Adaptive Immunity -✓✓Involves B and T cells
Carried out by lymphocytes
• What is Humoral Immunity -✓✓B cells and antibodies
, • What is cell mediated immunity? -✓✓T cells ( T lymphocytes )
• What are functions of interferons -✓✓Immune signaling for molecules to target and
prevent the spread of viruses
• What is the most abundant Immunoglobulin -✓✓IgG- acts on bacteria, viruses, and
toxins, activates complement
• What immunoglobulin can be found in tears, saliva, and breast milk? -✓✓IgA - found in
exocrine gland secretions, defends against bacteria and viruses.
• What Immunoglobulin is important in memory -✓✓IgM
• What immunoglobulin is linked to allergic reactions and parasite infections -✓✓IgE -
found in exocrine secretions, causes inflammation
• IgD Immunoglobulins activates -✓✓B cells and are most active in infants
• What triggers antibodies?
What is produced to fight antigens? -✓✓1. Antigens
2. Antibodies
• What is the function of memory T and B cells -✓✓To prevent future infections
• What is naturally acquired active immunity? -✓✓Exposure to live pathogens
Stimulates an immune response to disease symptoms
Ex. Measles infection, flu virus
• What is naturally acquired passive immunity? -✓✓Short term immunity of a newborn
that shows 0 immune response.
Ex. mothers breast milk
• What is a fever an example of? -✓✓Innate immunity
• What helps enhance the effects of most phagocytes? -✓✓Fever
• What is an example of innate immunity? -✓✓Compliment
• What is species resistance? -✓✓The ability for a certain species to be resistant to a
specific disease. Ex. a bird can get a disease that humans cannot
• What is Thymosin? -✓✓Hormone that stimulates T cell maturation
• What are the characteristics of inflammation ? -✓✓Redness, pain, swelling, heat
