FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
WITH 157 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS RATED A+
QSEN
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses
QSEN competencies
1. Patient-centered care
2. Teamwork and collaboration
3. Evidence-based practice
4. Quality improvement
5. Safety
6. Informatics
patient centered care
respecting patients values, needs and preferences, making them a partner in care
Teamwork and Collaboration
Function effectively within nursing and inter-professional teams, fostering open
communication, mutual respect, and shared decision-making to achieve quality
patient care.
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
integrating the best current evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to
guide care (morse fall risk)
Quality improvement
Using data to monitor the outcomes of care processes and using improvement
methods to design and test changes to continuously improve the quality and safety
of health care systems
safety
minimizing risk of harm to patients and providers through both system
effectiveness and individual performance (two identifiers)
informatics
use information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate
error, and support decision making (barcode scan)
contact precautions PPE
Used for infections spread by direct contact (e.g., MRSA) .Requires: Gloves +
Gown, dedicated equipment, minimize transport.
Specific (Acquired) Immunity
Body develops antibodies after exposure to an antigen (infection or vaccination).
Lifelong in many cases.
,Passive Immunity
Antibodies received from another source (placenta, breast milk, immunoglobulin
therapy). Fast but temporary
Medical Asepsis (Clean Technique)
Reduces microorganisms but does not eliminate them; used for routine tasks like
bed baths.
Surgical Asepsis (Sterile Technique)
Eliminates all microorganisms; used for procedures such as catheter insertion,
central line care, and operating room procedures
Restraints Order Rules
Violent/behavioral: order valid for 2 hours
Nonviolent/nonbehavioral: order valid for 24 hours Provider must reassess and
rewrite order each time
Restraint Monitoring Requirements
Safety checks every 15 minutes
Every 2 hours: toileting, fluids/food, repositioning, skin/circulation checks.
Board of Nursing
• Issues/renews licenses• Handles discipline• Manages intervention programs
American Nurses Association (ANA)
• Professional organization• Political advocacy• Specialty certifications• ANA
Code of Ethics• ANA Standards of Practice
Nurse Practice Act (State Law)
Defines nursing, scope of practice, licensure rules, CE requirements, and BON
roles.
Mobility (Concept)
Ability to move freely and perform activities of daily living (ADLs) such as
walking, standing, dressing, eating. Requires an intact central nervous system
Immobility
Inability to move and function adequately. Prolonged bed rest is an unnatural
state that negatively affects every body system.
MAJOR COMPLICATIONS OF IMMOBILITY
Cardiovascular
• Tachycardia• Decreased stroke volume & cardiac output• Fluid
shifts• Orthostatic hypotension• DVT → pulmonary embolism or stroke
Respiratory
• Pooling secretions• Weak cough• Thick mucus → mucus
plugs• Atelectasis• Pneumonia
GI
• ↓ appetite• ↓ gastric acid• ↓ peristalsis• Constipation
GU
, • Abnormal voiding position• Urinary retention• Incontinence• UTI risk
Metabolic/Endocrine
• Sodium/water imbalance• ↑ insulin needs• Glucose intolerance• Circadian rhythm
disruption
Skin
• Inability to reposition• Friction/shearing• Pressure ulcers
Musculoskeletal
• Muscle loss/weakness• Osteoporosis• Contractures• Degenerative joint disease
5 P's
Pain
Pulses
Pallor
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Paralysis/Paresis
Active ROM
Patient moves joint alone
Passive ROM
Nurse/therapist moves joint
Active-assistive ROM
Patient moves joint with help
morse fall risk scale
0-24 = Low risk• 25-44 = Moderate risk• ≥45 = High risk
What is perfusion?
The body's ability to circulate a continuous supply of blood throughout the body.
Which heart sound is S1?
The sound of the AV valves closing during systole
What is considered normal adult BP?
Systolic < 120 AND diastolic < 80
What is hypotension?
SBP < 90 mm Hg and/or DBP < 60 mm Hg
How does cuff size affect BP reading?
Too small = false high; too large = false low.
What are Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds heard when taking a manual BP; first sound = systolic, last sound =
diastolic
Oxygenation
The body's ability to supply oxygen to all cells through ventilation, diffusion, and
perfusion.
Ventilation (Respiration)
WITH 157 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS RATED A+
QSEN
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses
QSEN competencies
1. Patient-centered care
2. Teamwork and collaboration
3. Evidence-based practice
4. Quality improvement
5. Safety
6. Informatics
patient centered care
respecting patients values, needs and preferences, making them a partner in care
Teamwork and Collaboration
Function effectively within nursing and inter-professional teams, fostering open
communication, mutual respect, and shared decision-making to achieve quality
patient care.
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
integrating the best current evidence, clinical expertise, and patient preferences to
guide care (morse fall risk)
Quality improvement
Using data to monitor the outcomes of care processes and using improvement
methods to design and test changes to continuously improve the quality and safety
of health care systems
safety
minimizing risk of harm to patients and providers through both system
effectiveness and individual performance (two identifiers)
informatics
use information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate
error, and support decision making (barcode scan)
contact precautions PPE
Used for infections spread by direct contact (e.g., MRSA) .Requires: Gloves +
Gown, dedicated equipment, minimize transport.
Specific (Acquired) Immunity
Body develops antibodies after exposure to an antigen (infection or vaccination).
Lifelong in many cases.
,Passive Immunity
Antibodies received from another source (placenta, breast milk, immunoglobulin
therapy). Fast but temporary
Medical Asepsis (Clean Technique)
Reduces microorganisms but does not eliminate them; used for routine tasks like
bed baths.
Surgical Asepsis (Sterile Technique)
Eliminates all microorganisms; used for procedures such as catheter insertion,
central line care, and operating room procedures
Restraints Order Rules
Violent/behavioral: order valid for 2 hours
Nonviolent/nonbehavioral: order valid for 24 hours Provider must reassess and
rewrite order each time
Restraint Monitoring Requirements
Safety checks every 15 minutes
Every 2 hours: toileting, fluids/food, repositioning, skin/circulation checks.
Board of Nursing
• Issues/renews licenses• Handles discipline• Manages intervention programs
American Nurses Association (ANA)
• Professional organization• Political advocacy• Specialty certifications• ANA
Code of Ethics• ANA Standards of Practice
Nurse Practice Act (State Law)
Defines nursing, scope of practice, licensure rules, CE requirements, and BON
roles.
Mobility (Concept)
Ability to move freely and perform activities of daily living (ADLs) such as
walking, standing, dressing, eating. Requires an intact central nervous system
Immobility
Inability to move and function adequately. Prolonged bed rest is an unnatural
state that negatively affects every body system.
MAJOR COMPLICATIONS OF IMMOBILITY
Cardiovascular
• Tachycardia• Decreased stroke volume & cardiac output• Fluid
shifts• Orthostatic hypotension• DVT → pulmonary embolism or stroke
Respiratory
• Pooling secretions• Weak cough• Thick mucus → mucus
plugs• Atelectasis• Pneumonia
GI
• ↓ appetite• ↓ gastric acid• ↓ peristalsis• Constipation
GU
, • Abnormal voiding position• Urinary retention• Incontinence• UTI risk
Metabolic/Endocrine
• Sodium/water imbalance• ↑ insulin needs• Glucose intolerance• Circadian rhythm
disruption
Skin
• Inability to reposition• Friction/shearing• Pressure ulcers
Musculoskeletal
• Muscle loss/weakness• Osteoporosis• Contractures• Degenerative joint disease
5 P's
Pain
Pulses
Pallor
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Paralysis/Paresis
Active ROM
Patient moves joint alone
Passive ROM
Nurse/therapist moves joint
Active-assistive ROM
Patient moves joint with help
morse fall risk scale
0-24 = Low risk• 25-44 = Moderate risk• ≥45 = High risk
What is perfusion?
The body's ability to circulate a continuous supply of blood throughout the body.
Which heart sound is S1?
The sound of the AV valves closing during systole
What is considered normal adult BP?
Systolic < 120 AND diastolic < 80
What is hypotension?
SBP < 90 mm Hg and/or DBP < 60 mm Hg
How does cuff size affect BP reading?
Too small = false high; too large = false low.
What are Korotkoff sounds?
Sounds heard when taking a manual BP; first sound = systolic, last sound =
diastolic
Oxygenation
The body's ability to supply oxygen to all cells through ventilation, diffusion, and
perfusion.
Ventilation (Respiration)
