NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 8
EXAM RENAL SYSTEM 2026 PORTAGE
LEARNING PRACTICE ASSESSMENT
DETAILED QUESTIONS ACCURATE
ANSWERS RESOURCE SET GRADED A+
⩥ Define proliferation and differentiation:
Answer: Proliferation, a process of cell division, is an adaptive process
for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are
needed. Differentiation is the process in which cells become more
specialized with each mitotic division.
⩥ What are the 3 main groups of cells that proliferate?
Answer: (1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac
muscles that rarely divide and reproduce; (2) progenitor or parent cells
that continue to divide and reproduce, like blood, skin, and liver cells;
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce
large number of progenitor cells if needed.
⩥ What are progenitor cells?
Answer: The more specialized cells are unable to divide, so these cell
populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the same lineage that
have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to
divide. They have enough differentiation so the daughter cells are
, limited to the same cell line, but not quite differentiated enough to
prohibit active proliferation.
⩥ What are the benefits of the stem cell?
Answer: Stem cells remain dormant until they are needed. When needed,
they can divide, produce other stem cells, and carry out the functions of
the differentiated cell. Two important properties that stem cells possess
are self-renewal and potency. Self-renewal means the stem cell can
undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an
undifferentiated state. Potency describes the differentiation potential of
stem cells.
⩥ What is a polyp?
Answer: A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such
as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant.
⩥ Explain metastasis and how it occurs:
Answer: The multi-step process of metastasis occurs as follows: a cancer
cell must break loose from the primary tumor, invade the surrounding
extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel, survive its passage in
the bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the surrounding
tissue, begin to grow, and establish a blood supply.
⩥ What are the two broad categories of malignant neoplasms?
Answer: Solid tumors and hematologic cancers
EXAM RENAL SYSTEM 2026 PORTAGE
LEARNING PRACTICE ASSESSMENT
DETAILED QUESTIONS ACCURATE
ANSWERS RESOURCE SET GRADED A+
⩥ Define proliferation and differentiation:
Answer: Proliferation, a process of cell division, is an adaptive process
for new cell growth to replace old cells or when additional cells are
needed. Differentiation is the process in which cells become more
specialized with each mitotic division.
⩥ What are the 3 main groups of cells that proliferate?
Answer: (1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac
muscles that rarely divide and reproduce; (2) progenitor or parent cells
that continue to divide and reproduce, like blood, skin, and liver cells;
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce
large number of progenitor cells if needed.
⩥ What are progenitor cells?
Answer: The more specialized cells are unable to divide, so these cell
populations rely on progenitor or parent cells of the same lineage that
have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to
divide. They have enough differentiation so the daughter cells are
, limited to the same cell line, but not quite differentiated enough to
prohibit active proliferation.
⩥ What are the benefits of the stem cell?
Answer: Stem cells remain dormant until they are needed. When needed,
they can divide, produce other stem cells, and carry out the functions of
the differentiated cell. Two important properties that stem cells possess
are self-renewal and potency. Self-renewal means the stem cell can
undergo numerous mitotic divisions while maintaining an
undifferentiated state. Potency describes the differentiation potential of
stem cells.
⩥ What is a polyp?
Answer: A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such
as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant.
⩥ Explain metastasis and how it occurs:
Answer: The multi-step process of metastasis occurs as follows: a cancer
cell must break loose from the primary tumor, invade the surrounding
extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel, survive its passage in
the bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the surrounding
tissue, begin to grow, and establish a blood supply.
⩥ What are the two broad categories of malignant neoplasms?
Answer: Solid tumors and hematologic cancers
