NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 8 EXAM RENAL SYSTEM 2026 PORTAGE LEARNING EXAMINATION TEST COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS VERIFIED PREP KIT GRADED A+

NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 8
EXAM RENAL SYSTEM 2026 PORTAGE
LEARNING EXAMINATION TEST
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED PREP KIT GRADED A+

⩥ Examples of passive immunity.
Answer: IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin,
serotherapy (direct injection of antibodies)


⩥ Potassium Value normal range( intercellular cation).
Answer: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L


⩥ Sodium value normal range (major cation of extracellular fluid).
Answer: 135-145 mEq/L


⩥ Calcium value normal range.
Answer: 9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L


⩥ Phosphate value normal range.
Answer: 2.5-4.5 mg/dL

,⩥ Magnesium value normal range.
Answer: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L


⩥ Bicarbonate value normal range (second most abundant anion in
blood).
Answer: 23-30 mEq/L


⩥ Condition of low potassium < 3.5 mEq/L.
Answer: hypokalemia


⩥ Condition of high potassium >5 mEq/L.
Answer: Hyperkalemia


⩥ Condition of sodium < 135 mEq/L.
Answer: hyponatremia / hypernatremia


⩥ Condition of high sodium>145 mEq/L.
Answer: hypernatremia


⩥ condition of low phosphate < 2.5 mg/dL.
Answer: hypophophatemia

, ⩥ Condition of high phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL.
Answer: Hyperphosphatemia


⩥ Condition of low chloride <96 mEq/L.
Answer: hypochloremia


⩥ Condition of high chloride > 106 mEq/L.
Answer: Hyperchloremia


⩥ Condition of low magnesium <1.5 mEq/L.
Answer: hypomagnesemia


⩥ Condition of high magnesium >2.5 mEq/L.
Answer: Hypermagesemia


⩥ condition of low calcium< 9mg/dL.
Answer: hypocalcemia


⩥ condition of high calcium > 11mg/dL.
Answer: hypercalcemia


⩥ Pathophysiology.