COMM 226 FINAL EXAM QUESTION AND
ANSWERS|LATEST UPDATE 2026
What is Moore's Law and why does it matter? - ANSWER✔️Moore's Law says computer power
(transistors on a chip) doubles every 18 months. This makes tech faster and cheaper. It leads to
powerful, affordable tools for business.
What is if-then logic - ANSWER✔️If certain conditions are met, then specify or order a certain
outcome
What is the new type of AI? How does it work? - ANSWER✔️Pattern-Matching systems
- does not copy the reasoning methods humans use
- "black-box systems"
- They work with probabilities, so they do not give the same answers each time
- uses machine learning
,What is machine learning - ANSWER✔️-neural networks
- Each input has a weight that is determined on its own
- does a series of tests to see if it recognizes a possible number
- enables systems to learn from data, identify patterns and make connections to make decisions
or predictions without explicit programming
How AI systems acquire, store and apply natural language data - ANSWER✔️Natural language
processing is how computers make sense of natural language
Name ways AI can support business processes - ANSWER✔️1. medical diagnosis (WebMD)
2. Fraud Detection
3. Human Authentication (face recognition)
4. Image classification (analyzing security camera feeds)
5. web advertisement placement
E-business definition? Objectives (4) - ANSWER✔️is the use of computer networks to improve
organizational performance (using computers to run a better business)
objectives:
- increasing profitability
- gaining market share
- improving customer service
- delivering products faster
What is E-commerce - ANSWER✔️"A multi-firm process of buying and selling goods and
services using internet technologies", a method a business uses to generate revenue online,
- a subset of E-business
types of E-commerce (6), with an example for each - ANSWER✔️Business-to-consumer (B2C):
bookstore buys textbooks from the publisher
Business-to-business (B2B): a student purchases a textbook from the bookstore
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): student sells textbook to another student on FB marketplace
Consumer-to-business (C2B): an influencer provides a company access to their audience
Business-to-government (B2G): Lenovo sells computers to the Fed gov
Consumer-to-government (C2G): paying taxes online to Gov
How does e-commerce improve market efficiency - ANSWER✔️1. data flow: more data
available to buyers and sellers
2. Disintermediation: removes inefficient middle layers
3. Software: improves the sharing of customer marketing data
Merchant Vs. Non-merchant companies in E-commerce - ANSWER✔️Merchant: owns the goods
they sell, (B2C, B2B, B2G)
Nonmerchant companies: match buyers and sellers, facilitate transactions, process payment
(sometimes arrange for delivery, but do not own the goods they sell)
,- auction like eBay
- Clearinghouses like Amazon Marketplace
- Electronic exchanges (hotels.com)
What is a network? - ANSWER✔️A network is a collection of computers that communicate over
transmission lines or wireless connections.
What are the four basic types of networks? - ANSWER✔️PAN (Personal Area Network), LAN
(Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), Internet.
What is a PAN? - ANSWER✔️A Personal Area Network connects devices around a single
person, typically wireless, with a range of about 10 meters. Example: Fitbit to iPhone.
What is a LAN? - ANSWER✔️A Local Area Network connects computers within a single
geographic location, such as a home or small office.
What device connects LAN devices? - ANSWER✔️A switch — it directs traffic within the LAN.
What is a WAN? - ANSWER✔️A Wide Area Network connects computers across different
geographic locations using communication providers.
What is the Internet? - ANSWER✔️The Internet is a network of networks that connects LANs,
WANs, and other networks globally.
What is an intranet? - ANSWER✔️A private internet used exclusively within an organization.
What are common wireless network options in a SOHO network? - ANSWER✔️Bluetooth, Wi-
Fi, and Cellular Networks (WWAN).
What is Bluetooth used for? - ANSWER✔️Short-distance communication like wireless
keyboards, mice, and car audio systems.
What is Wi-Fi and how far does it reach? - ANSWER✔️Wi-Fi allows devices to connect
wirelessly to a LAN. Indoors: ~65 feet, Outdoors: slightly farther.
What is a cellular network? - ANSWER✔️A network using radio signals to connect mobile users
to the Internet via base stations and MTSOs.
What is handover (handoff) in cellular networks? - ANSWER✔️It is the automatic transfer of a
user's connection between base stations as they move.
What are the functions of an ISP? - ANSWER✔️1. Provides a legitimate Internet address, 2. Acts
as a gateway, 3. Pays access fees.
, What are common types of Internet connections? - ANSWER✔️DSL modem, cable modem,
WAN wireless.
How does data move over a network? - ANSWER✔️Through protocols, addressing, languages,
SOA, and carriers.
What is a protocol? - ANSWER✔️A set of rules that allow devices to communicate.
Name two LAN communication standards. - ANSWER✔️IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), IEEE 802.11
(Wi-Fi).
What is packetization? - ANSWER✔️Breaking large data into smaller packets that travel
independently to the destination.
What is encapsulation? - ANSWER✔️Wrapping packets in layers of protocols for transmission
(like Russian dolls).
What is HTTP? - ANSWER✔️A protocol for communication between browsers and web servers.
What is HTTPS? - ANSWER✔️Secure version of HTTP that encrypts data like credit card info.
What is SMTP used for? - ANSWER✔️Sending emails.
What is FTP? - ANSWER✔️A protocol for transferring large files online.
What is an IP address? - ANSWER✔️A unique number identifying a device's location on a
network.
What's the difference between public and private IP addresses? - ANSWER✔️Public IPs identify
devices on the Internet; private IPs are used within LANs.
What's the difference between IPv4 and IPv6? - ANSWER✔️IPv4 uses four decimal blocks (e.g.,
104.193.184.125); IPv6 is longer and more scalable.
What is a domain name? - ANSWER✔️A human-readable name that maps to an IP address (e.g.,
snapchat.com).
What is HTML used for? - ANSWER✔️It structures web pages using tags like <h1>, <a>, <p>.
What is CSS and XML? - ANSWER✔️CSS controls web page design (fonts, layout); XML is for
exchanging structured, machine-readable data.
ANSWERS|LATEST UPDATE 2026
What is Moore's Law and why does it matter? - ANSWER✔️Moore's Law says computer power
(transistors on a chip) doubles every 18 months. This makes tech faster and cheaper. It leads to
powerful, affordable tools for business.
What is if-then logic - ANSWER✔️If certain conditions are met, then specify or order a certain
outcome
What is the new type of AI? How does it work? - ANSWER✔️Pattern-Matching systems
- does not copy the reasoning methods humans use
- "black-box systems"
- They work with probabilities, so they do not give the same answers each time
- uses machine learning
,What is machine learning - ANSWER✔️-neural networks
- Each input has a weight that is determined on its own
- does a series of tests to see if it recognizes a possible number
- enables systems to learn from data, identify patterns and make connections to make decisions
or predictions without explicit programming
How AI systems acquire, store and apply natural language data - ANSWER✔️Natural language
processing is how computers make sense of natural language
Name ways AI can support business processes - ANSWER✔️1. medical diagnosis (WebMD)
2. Fraud Detection
3. Human Authentication (face recognition)
4. Image classification (analyzing security camera feeds)
5. web advertisement placement
E-business definition? Objectives (4) - ANSWER✔️is the use of computer networks to improve
organizational performance (using computers to run a better business)
objectives:
- increasing profitability
- gaining market share
- improving customer service
- delivering products faster
What is E-commerce - ANSWER✔️"A multi-firm process of buying and selling goods and
services using internet technologies", a method a business uses to generate revenue online,
- a subset of E-business
types of E-commerce (6), with an example for each - ANSWER✔️Business-to-consumer (B2C):
bookstore buys textbooks from the publisher
Business-to-business (B2B): a student purchases a textbook from the bookstore
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C): student sells textbook to another student on FB marketplace
Consumer-to-business (C2B): an influencer provides a company access to their audience
Business-to-government (B2G): Lenovo sells computers to the Fed gov
Consumer-to-government (C2G): paying taxes online to Gov
How does e-commerce improve market efficiency - ANSWER✔️1. data flow: more data
available to buyers and sellers
2. Disintermediation: removes inefficient middle layers
3. Software: improves the sharing of customer marketing data
Merchant Vs. Non-merchant companies in E-commerce - ANSWER✔️Merchant: owns the goods
they sell, (B2C, B2B, B2G)
Nonmerchant companies: match buyers and sellers, facilitate transactions, process payment
(sometimes arrange for delivery, but do not own the goods they sell)
,- auction like eBay
- Clearinghouses like Amazon Marketplace
- Electronic exchanges (hotels.com)
What is a network? - ANSWER✔️A network is a collection of computers that communicate over
transmission lines or wireless connections.
What are the four basic types of networks? - ANSWER✔️PAN (Personal Area Network), LAN
(Local Area Network), WAN (Wide Area Network), Internet.
What is a PAN? - ANSWER✔️A Personal Area Network connects devices around a single
person, typically wireless, with a range of about 10 meters. Example: Fitbit to iPhone.
What is a LAN? - ANSWER✔️A Local Area Network connects computers within a single
geographic location, such as a home or small office.
What device connects LAN devices? - ANSWER✔️A switch — it directs traffic within the LAN.
What is a WAN? - ANSWER✔️A Wide Area Network connects computers across different
geographic locations using communication providers.
What is the Internet? - ANSWER✔️The Internet is a network of networks that connects LANs,
WANs, and other networks globally.
What is an intranet? - ANSWER✔️A private internet used exclusively within an organization.
What are common wireless network options in a SOHO network? - ANSWER✔️Bluetooth, Wi-
Fi, and Cellular Networks (WWAN).
What is Bluetooth used for? - ANSWER✔️Short-distance communication like wireless
keyboards, mice, and car audio systems.
What is Wi-Fi and how far does it reach? - ANSWER✔️Wi-Fi allows devices to connect
wirelessly to a LAN. Indoors: ~65 feet, Outdoors: slightly farther.
What is a cellular network? - ANSWER✔️A network using radio signals to connect mobile users
to the Internet via base stations and MTSOs.
What is handover (handoff) in cellular networks? - ANSWER✔️It is the automatic transfer of a
user's connection between base stations as they move.
What are the functions of an ISP? - ANSWER✔️1. Provides a legitimate Internet address, 2. Acts
as a gateway, 3. Pays access fees.
, What are common types of Internet connections? - ANSWER✔️DSL modem, cable modem,
WAN wireless.
How does data move over a network? - ANSWER✔️Through protocols, addressing, languages,
SOA, and carriers.
What is a protocol? - ANSWER✔️A set of rules that allow devices to communicate.
Name two LAN communication standards. - ANSWER✔️IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), IEEE 802.11
(Wi-Fi).
What is packetization? - ANSWER✔️Breaking large data into smaller packets that travel
independently to the destination.
What is encapsulation? - ANSWER✔️Wrapping packets in layers of protocols for transmission
(like Russian dolls).
What is HTTP? - ANSWER✔️A protocol for communication between browsers and web servers.
What is HTTPS? - ANSWER✔️Secure version of HTTP that encrypts data like credit card info.
What is SMTP used for? - ANSWER✔️Sending emails.
What is FTP? - ANSWER✔️A protocol for transferring large files online.
What is an IP address? - ANSWER✔️A unique number identifying a device's location on a
network.
What's the difference between public and private IP addresses? - ANSWER✔️Public IPs identify
devices on the Internet; private IPs are used within LANs.
What's the difference between IPv4 and IPv6? - ANSWER✔️IPv4 uses four decimal blocks (e.g.,
104.193.184.125); IPv6 is longer and more scalable.
What is a domain name? - ANSWER✔️A human-readable name that maps to an IP address (e.g.,
snapchat.com).
What is HTML used for? - ANSWER✔️It structures web pages using tags like <h1>, <a>, <p>.
What is CSS and XML? - ANSWER✔️CSS controls web page design (fonts, layout); XML is for
exchanging structured, machine-readable data.
