ADVANCED PATHOPHARMACOLOGICAL
FOUNDATIONS 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
RATIONALE GUIDE 2026
◉ What causes the pain to worsen in patients with Crohn's? Answer:
- After eating
- Pain is usually around the navel or lower right abdomen
◉ What is ulcerative coloitis? Answer: - Inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in the digestive tract
- Affects the innermost lining of your large intestines (colon) and
rectum
◉ What are some symptoms of ulcerative colitis? Answer: - Varies
on the inflammation and where it occurs
- Diarrhea, often with blood or pus
- Abdominal pain and cramping
- Rectal pain/bleeding
- Urgency to defecate and inability
- In children, failure to grow
,◉ What are some diagnostic methods for ulcerative colitis? Answer:
- Ulcerative colitis: Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
test (PANCA)
- CBC, CRP, ESR, LFT, electrolyte panel
- ANA (anti-nuclear antibody)
- Colonoscopy
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy
- Stool studies
- X-rays, CT scan, MRI
◉ What are some pharmacologic treatments for ulcerative colitis?
Answer: - Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Corticosteroids (prednisone) are reserved for moderate to severe
conditions that do not respond to other treatments
- Immunosuppressants to suppress the immune response that starts
with inflammation
- Antidiarrheals, pain relievers, antispasmodics, iron supplements
◉ What diet is best for patients with ulcerative colitis? Answer: - No
firm evidence that what you eat actually causes it
- Certain foods and beverages can aggrate signs and symptoms
- Limit dairy products
- Small meals
,- Drink plenty of liquids
- Avoid alcohol and beverages that stimulate the intestines and can
worsen diarrhea; carbonated drinks can produce frequent gas
◉ What is the cause of color blindness? Answer: - Occurs when there
is a problem with the pigments in certain nerve cells (cones) of the
eye that sense color
- Genetics: comes from the mother, 50% chance
- Passed down in families
- 1:10 men are colorblind, very few women are
◉ What gene is mutated for color blindness? Answer: - Mutated
gene OPN1MW on chromosome 23 (X-linked)
◉ What is the diagnostic method to test for color blindness?
Answer: - Simple test that consists of multiple dots that make up a
number, letter, etc.
◉ What is achromotopsia? Answer: - Most severe form of color
blindness
- Rare
- Person cannot see any color, only shades of grays
, ◉ What is COPD? Answer: - Chronic inflammatory lung disease that
causes obstructed airflow from the lungs
- Typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases from
cigarette smoke
◉ What are some symptoms of COPD? Answer: - Symptoms don't
appear until significant lung damage has occurred and usually
worsens over time
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing
- Chest tightness
- Chronic cough
◉ What are common conditions that can lead to a COPD
exacerbation? Answer: - Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
◉ What is emphysema? Answer: - Condition in which the alveoli at
the bronchioles of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging
exposure to cigarette smoking and irritating gases and particulate
matter
- Air goes into the lungs and is unable to leave, causing
hyperinflation
FOUNDATIONS 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
RATIONALE GUIDE 2026
◉ What causes the pain to worsen in patients with Crohn's? Answer:
- After eating
- Pain is usually around the navel or lower right abdomen
◉ What is ulcerative coloitis? Answer: - Inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in the digestive tract
- Affects the innermost lining of your large intestines (colon) and
rectum
◉ What are some symptoms of ulcerative colitis? Answer: - Varies
on the inflammation and where it occurs
- Diarrhea, often with blood or pus
- Abdominal pain and cramping
- Rectal pain/bleeding
- Urgency to defecate and inability
- In children, failure to grow
,◉ What are some diagnostic methods for ulcerative colitis? Answer:
- Ulcerative colitis: Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
test (PANCA)
- CBC, CRP, ESR, LFT, electrolyte panel
- ANA (anti-nuclear antibody)
- Colonoscopy
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy
- Stool studies
- X-rays, CT scan, MRI
◉ What are some pharmacologic treatments for ulcerative colitis?
Answer: - Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Corticosteroids (prednisone) are reserved for moderate to severe
conditions that do not respond to other treatments
- Immunosuppressants to suppress the immune response that starts
with inflammation
- Antidiarrheals, pain relievers, antispasmodics, iron supplements
◉ What diet is best for patients with ulcerative colitis? Answer: - No
firm evidence that what you eat actually causes it
- Certain foods and beverages can aggrate signs and symptoms
- Limit dairy products
- Small meals
,- Drink plenty of liquids
- Avoid alcohol and beverages that stimulate the intestines and can
worsen diarrhea; carbonated drinks can produce frequent gas
◉ What is the cause of color blindness? Answer: - Occurs when there
is a problem with the pigments in certain nerve cells (cones) of the
eye that sense color
- Genetics: comes from the mother, 50% chance
- Passed down in families
- 1:10 men are colorblind, very few women are
◉ What gene is mutated for color blindness? Answer: - Mutated
gene OPN1MW on chromosome 23 (X-linked)
◉ What is the diagnostic method to test for color blindness?
Answer: - Simple test that consists of multiple dots that make up a
number, letter, etc.
◉ What is achromotopsia? Answer: - Most severe form of color
blindness
- Rare
- Person cannot see any color, only shades of grays
, ◉ What is COPD? Answer: - Chronic inflammatory lung disease that
causes obstructed airflow from the lungs
- Typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases from
cigarette smoke
◉ What are some symptoms of COPD? Answer: - Symptoms don't
appear until significant lung damage has occurred and usually
worsens over time
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing
- Chest tightness
- Chronic cough
◉ What are common conditions that can lead to a COPD
exacerbation? Answer: - Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
◉ What is emphysema? Answer: - Condition in which the alveoli at
the bronchioles of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging
exposure to cigarette smoking and irritating gases and particulate
matter
- Air goes into the lungs and is unable to leave, causing
hyperinflation
