ADVANCED PATHOPHARMACOLOGICAL
FOUNDATIONS 2 CORE DRUG AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BREAKDOWN 2026
◉ What is the purpose of ABG analysis? Answer: To check how well
lungs are bringing oxygen into the blood and removing carbon
dioxide, and to assess acid-base balance.
◉ What does pH measure in the blood? Answer: The acidity or
alkalinity of the blood.
◉ What does PCO₂ indicate? Answer: How well carbon dioxide is
being removed via the lungs.
◉ What type of organism is indicated as a contributor to acute
inflammation after camping? Answer: Insect
◉ What are two signs of patients who experience near drowning?
Answer: Hypoxemia and Asphyxiation
◉ What is hypoxemia? Answer: Low oxygen levels in the blood.
,◉ What is asphyxiation? Answer: Deprivation of oxygen from the
body for an extended period.
◉ Which process does the body use to protect itself from disease?
Answer: Phagocytosis
◉ What is phagocytosis? Answer: The process by which phagocytes
engulf and digest pathogens.
◉ What are two responses the body can have to stage 2 Lyme
disease? Answer: Meningitis and Nerve damage
◉ What complication can Lyme disease cause in stage 2? Answer:
Meningitis
◉ What symptoms can meningitis cause? Answer: Headache, stiff
neck, and fever.
◉ What can Lyme disease cause in terms of neurological issues?
Answer: Nerve damage
◉ What is Lyme neuroborreliosis? Answer: A condition associated
with Lyme disease that may present symptoms like weakness,
numbness, or pain in the limbs, or facial paralysis (Bell's palsy).
,◉ What are the incorrect complications associated with Lyme
disease? Answer: Kidney failure and blindness are not common
complications of Lyme disease.
◉ What are the stages of Lyme disease? Answer: Early localized,
early disseminated, and late disseminated.
◉ What occurs in Stage 1 of Lyme disease? Answer: Erythema
migrans (bull's-eye rash), fatigue, headache, fever, muscle and joint
aches, and swollen lymph nodes.
◉ What is the hallmark sign of early Lyme disease? Answer:
Erythema migrans (bull's-eye rash).
◉ What happens if Stage 1 Lyme disease is untreated? Answer: The
bacteria can spread to other parts of the body.
◉ What symptoms are associated with Stage 2 Lyme disease?
Answer: Meningitis, facial palsy, cardiac involvement, nerve damage,
and persistent muscle and joint pain.
◉ What complications can arise from untreated Stage 2 Lyme
disease? Answer: Permanent neurological damage and heart
complications.
, ◉ What symptoms are associated with Stage 3 Lyme disease?
Answer: Chronic arthritis, chronic neurological symptoms, fatigue,
and muscle pain.
◉ What happens in Stage 3 of Lyme disease if left untreated?
Answer: It can lead to chronic symptoms, including arthritis and
cognitive dysfunction.
◉ What is the most common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease
(CKD)? Answer: Diabetes (diabetic nephropathy).
◉ What are the causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)? Answer: Pre-
renal (lack of blood flow), intrinsic (damage within the kidneys), and
post-renal (obstruction).
◉ What is the typical symptom of malaria? Answer: Anemia,
jaundice, fever, and malaise due to the destruction of red blood cells.
◉ Which disease is caused by Plasmodium parasites? Answer:
Malaria.
◉ What are common symptoms of H1N1 flu? Answer: Fever, cough,
sore throat, body aches, and fatigue.
FOUNDATIONS 2 CORE DRUG AND
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BREAKDOWN 2026
◉ What is the purpose of ABG analysis? Answer: To check how well
lungs are bringing oxygen into the blood and removing carbon
dioxide, and to assess acid-base balance.
◉ What does pH measure in the blood? Answer: The acidity or
alkalinity of the blood.
◉ What does PCO₂ indicate? Answer: How well carbon dioxide is
being removed via the lungs.
◉ What type of organism is indicated as a contributor to acute
inflammation after camping? Answer: Insect
◉ What are two signs of patients who experience near drowning?
Answer: Hypoxemia and Asphyxiation
◉ What is hypoxemia? Answer: Low oxygen levels in the blood.
,◉ What is asphyxiation? Answer: Deprivation of oxygen from the
body for an extended period.
◉ Which process does the body use to protect itself from disease?
Answer: Phagocytosis
◉ What is phagocytosis? Answer: The process by which phagocytes
engulf and digest pathogens.
◉ What are two responses the body can have to stage 2 Lyme
disease? Answer: Meningitis and Nerve damage
◉ What complication can Lyme disease cause in stage 2? Answer:
Meningitis
◉ What symptoms can meningitis cause? Answer: Headache, stiff
neck, and fever.
◉ What can Lyme disease cause in terms of neurological issues?
Answer: Nerve damage
◉ What is Lyme neuroborreliosis? Answer: A condition associated
with Lyme disease that may present symptoms like weakness,
numbness, or pain in the limbs, or facial paralysis (Bell's palsy).
,◉ What are the incorrect complications associated with Lyme
disease? Answer: Kidney failure and blindness are not common
complications of Lyme disease.
◉ What are the stages of Lyme disease? Answer: Early localized,
early disseminated, and late disseminated.
◉ What occurs in Stage 1 of Lyme disease? Answer: Erythema
migrans (bull's-eye rash), fatigue, headache, fever, muscle and joint
aches, and swollen lymph nodes.
◉ What is the hallmark sign of early Lyme disease? Answer:
Erythema migrans (bull's-eye rash).
◉ What happens if Stage 1 Lyme disease is untreated? Answer: The
bacteria can spread to other parts of the body.
◉ What symptoms are associated with Stage 2 Lyme disease?
Answer: Meningitis, facial palsy, cardiac involvement, nerve damage,
and persistent muscle and joint pain.
◉ What complications can arise from untreated Stage 2 Lyme
disease? Answer: Permanent neurological damage and heart
complications.
, ◉ What symptoms are associated with Stage 3 Lyme disease?
Answer: Chronic arthritis, chronic neurological symptoms, fatigue,
and muscle pain.
◉ What happens in Stage 3 of Lyme disease if left untreated?
Answer: It can lead to chronic symptoms, including arthritis and
cognitive dysfunction.
◉ What is the most common cause of Chronic Kidney Disease
(CKD)? Answer: Diabetes (diabetic nephropathy).
◉ What are the causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)? Answer: Pre-
renal (lack of blood flow), intrinsic (damage within the kidneys), and
post-renal (obstruction).
◉ What is the typical symptom of malaria? Answer: Anemia,
jaundice, fever, and malaise due to the destruction of red blood cells.
◉ Which disease is caused by Plasmodium parasites? Answer:
Malaria.
◉ What are common symptoms of H1N1 flu? Answer: Fever, cough,
sore throat, body aches, and fatigue.
