Summary Grammar 1 (Core Grammar for Higher Education)

Grammar summary period 1 and 2
Chapter 1,2,4 tm 14 + 22 + 23

Chapter 1 – word classes

Nouns countable - cat, house, room, fork
Uncountable - milk, music, wood
Proper - London, Paul, Christmas

Articles definite - the
Indefinite - a or an

Verbs regular - regular verbs function normally
Irregular - irregular verbs have to be learned by hearth

Adjectives - adjectives tell something about a noun
- interesting, cold

Adverbs - refers to a verb, an adjective or another adverb
- hard, fast (extremely)

Pronouns personal - I, you, she, he, it, we, you, they, him, us, them
Possessive - my, yours, her, his, its, our, your, their
Demonstrative - this, that, these, those
Interrogative - who, what, which
Relative - who, which, that
Indefinite - some, any, every, each, all
Reflexive - myself, yourself, themselves, ourselves

Conjunctions - and, or, until, because

Prepositions place - before a noun, indicating where something is
Time - before a noun, indicating when something is
Direction - before a noun, indicating where something is going

Chapter 2 – tenses of ‘be’

Simple Tenses
Present Tense I am Ik ben Subject + form of to
(tegenwoordige tijd) You are Jij bent be
He is Hj is
We are Wij zijn Things that happen
You are Jullie zijn now
They are Zij zijn

Past Tense I was Ik was Subject + past form of
(verleden tijd) You were Jij was to be
He was Hij was
We were Wij waren Things that happened
You were Jullie waren and are now done
They were Zij waren

, Future Tenses
Present Future Tense I will be Ik zal zijn Subject + will +
(tegenwoordig toekomende You will be Jij zult zijn infinitive
tijd) He will be Hij zal zijn
We will be Wij zullen zijn Things that will
You will be Jullie zullen zijn happen with
They will be Zij zullen zijn certainty

Past Future Tense I would be Ik zou zijn Subject + would +
(verleden toekomende tijd) You would be Jij zou zijn infinitive
He would be Hij zou zijn
We would be Wij zouden zijn Things that are
You would be Jullie zouden zijn habitual or indirect
They would be Zij zouden zijn speech


Perfect tenses
Present Perfect I have been Ik ben geweest Subject + have + past
(voltooid You have been Jij bent geweest participle
tegenwoordige tijd) He has been Hij is geweest
We have been Wij zijn geweest Started in the past and
You have been Jullie zijn geweest still going on
They have been Zij zijn geweest

Past Perfect I had been Ik was geweest Subject + had + past
(voltooid verleden You had been Jij was geweest participle
tijd) He had been Hij was geweest
We had been Wij waren geweest Started in the past and
You had been Jullie waren geweest ended in the past
They had been Zij waren geweest


Chapter 4 – spelling

- plural  nouns + s - (book-books)
- -s/-sh/-ch/-x + es (this also goes for vebs) - (bus-buses)
- -y without a vowel before it: -ies - (company-companies)
- (monkey-monkeys)

- -o mostly -os, sometimes -oes. There’s no rule
- -ize/ -ise = verb - (advise, criticise)
- -ice = noun - (advice, practice)

You double the final consonant when it is preceded by one stressed vowel letter
(stop-stopped/prefer-preferred). The final consonant is not doubled when the stress is not on the
last syllable. (exceptions: kidnapped, worshipped, programmed, focussed, focused, combatted,
combated)

- than, then - vergrotende trap, toen