Test Bank for Hole’s Human Anatomy & Physiology, 16th Edition by Charles Welsh & Cynthia
Prentice-Craver
principal cations in body fluids Sodium and potassium.
cellular homeostasis Maintained by an exchange pump that ejects sodium ions from the cell
and imports potassium ions.
resting transmembrane potential The potential difference across the cell membrane due to
the separation of cations and anions.
cell membrane potential Represents potential energy and controls muscular contraction
and nervous signaling.
separation of charges The basis for a cell's resting transmembrane potential.
facilitated diffusion limitation The rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of
available carrier molecules.
sodium ions Ejected from the cell to maintain cellular homeostasis.
potassium ions Imported into the cell to maintain cellular homeostasis.
diffusion The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration.
osmosis The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
,ion exchange pump A mechanism that moves ions across the cell membrane.
membrane-bound carrier proteins Proteins that assist in the facilitated diffusion of molecules.
concentration gradient The difference in concentration of a substance across a space.
cellular energyEnergy required to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Cytology The analysis of the internal structure of individual cells.
Gross Anatomy The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism.
Surface Anatomy The study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the
body.
Pathological Anatomy Anatomical features that change during illness.
Cytology The study of the liver cell.
Embryology The study of the first two months of development.
Systemic Physiology The study of the function of specific organ systems.
Cardiovascular Physiology An example of systemic physiology.
Complexity Order Arranged from the most COMPLEX to the SIMPLEST: organism, system,
organ, tissue, cellular, molecular.
,Skeletal System Provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood
formation.
Cardiovascular System Transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells.
Lymphatic System Includes the spleen and the tonsils.
Kidneys and Ureters Organs of the urinary system.
endocrine A system of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.
digestive A system responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food.
respiratory A system that facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
urinary A system that removes waste products from the body and regulates water balance.
lymphatic A system that helps defend against infection and disease.
pituitary gland An endocrine gland that controls various hormonal functions.
thyroid gland An endocrine gland that regulates metabolism and energy levels.
carbon dioxide removal The process by which the respiratory system eliminates carbon
dioxide from the bloodstream.
, lungs Organs of the respiratory system that facilitate gas exchange.
liver An organ of the digestive system that processes nutrients and detoxifies substances.
skin The largest organ of the integumentary system that protects the body.
homeostasis The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism.
negative feedback A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable
triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.
nervous system A system that coordinates the body's responses to internal and external
stimuli.
endocrine system characteristics Includes releasing hormones, producing effects that last
for days, and affecting multiple organs.
anatomical position A standard position of the body used as a reference point, with the body
facing forward and palms facing forward.
ventral An anatomical term that means the same as anterior.
medial Referring to a position closer to the midline of the body.
proximal Referring to a position closer to the point of attachment of a limb.
distal Referring to a position further from the point of attachment of a limb.
Prentice-Craver
principal cations in body fluids Sodium and potassium.
cellular homeostasis Maintained by an exchange pump that ejects sodium ions from the cell
and imports potassium ions.
resting transmembrane potential The potential difference across the cell membrane due to
the separation of cations and anions.
cell membrane potential Represents potential energy and controls muscular contraction
and nervous signaling.
separation of charges The basis for a cell's resting transmembrane potential.
facilitated diffusion limitation The rate of molecular movement is limited by the number of
available carrier molecules.
sodium ions Ejected from the cell to maintain cellular homeostasis.
potassium ions Imported into the cell to maintain cellular homeostasis.
diffusion The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration.
osmosis The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
,ion exchange pump A mechanism that moves ions across the cell membrane.
membrane-bound carrier proteins Proteins that assist in the facilitated diffusion of molecules.
concentration gradient The difference in concentration of a substance across a space.
cellular energyEnergy required to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Cytology The analysis of the internal structure of individual cells.
Gross Anatomy The study of the general form and superficial markings of an organism.
Surface Anatomy The study of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the
body.
Pathological Anatomy Anatomical features that change during illness.
Cytology The study of the liver cell.
Embryology The study of the first two months of development.
Systemic Physiology The study of the function of specific organ systems.
Cardiovascular Physiology An example of systemic physiology.
Complexity Order Arranged from the most COMPLEX to the SIMPLEST: organism, system,
organ, tissue, cellular, molecular.
,Skeletal System Provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood
formation.
Cardiovascular System Transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells.
Lymphatic System Includes the spleen and the tonsils.
Kidneys and Ureters Organs of the urinary system.
endocrine A system of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.
digestive A system responsible for the breakdown and absorption of food.
respiratory A system that facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
urinary A system that removes waste products from the body and regulates water balance.
lymphatic A system that helps defend against infection and disease.
pituitary gland An endocrine gland that controls various hormonal functions.
thyroid gland An endocrine gland that regulates metabolism and energy levels.
carbon dioxide removal The process by which the respiratory system eliminates carbon
dioxide from the bloodstream.
, lungs Organs of the respiratory system that facilitate gas exchange.
liver An organ of the digestive system that processes nutrients and detoxifies substances.
skin The largest organ of the integumentary system that protects the body.
homeostasis The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism.
negative feedback A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable
triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.
nervous system A system that coordinates the body's responses to internal and external
stimuli.
endocrine system characteristics Includes releasing hormones, producing effects that last
for days, and affecting multiple organs.
anatomical position A standard position of the body used as a reference point, with the body
facing forward and palms facing forward.
ventral An anatomical term that means the same as anterior.
medial Referring to a position closer to the midline of the body.
proximal Referring to a position closer to the point of attachment of a limb.
distal Referring to a position further from the point of attachment of a limb.
