RNSG 2539 FINAL EXAM AND STUDY GUIDE NEWEST 2025/ 2026 TEST BANK| COMPLETE 850
REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) GRADED
A+| RNSG 2539 EXAM PREP (BRAND NEW!!)
In the ICU, a postsurgical client has developed sepsis and is being treated with multiple
medications. During the mid-morning assessment, which finding leads the nurse to suspect the
client may be developing a complication called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Select all that apply.
A) Headaches associated with light sensitivity
B) Oozing from all previous puncture and intravenous sites
C) Decreased O2 saturation and diminished breath sounds in lower lobes
D) Hemorrhage from the surgical site requiring deep pressure dressings
E) Urine from the Foley catheter is bloody D) Hemorrhage from the surgical site requiring
deep pressure dressings
A healthy, primiparous (first-time) mother delivered a healthy infant several hours ago, but the
mother has experienced postpartum hemorrhage. Which of the following disorders is most
likely to underlie the client's excessive bleeding after delivery?
A) Disseminated intravascular coagulation
B) Hemophilia A
C) Von Willebrand disease
D) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) A) Disseminated intravascular coagulation
What is the concept behind heparin for PT with DIC? -It prevents the clotting phase from
being completed which inhibits the breakdown of fibrinogen.
- It also helps avoid hemorrhage by preventing the body from depleting entire stage of
coagulation factors.
,What are some acute clinical manifestations of DIC? -Directly related to bleeding
problems such as:
Petechia, Purpura, oozing from puncture sites or severe hemorrhaging.
How does DIC happen in postpartum hemorrhaging? -Tissue factors released from
necrotic place/fetal tissue or amniotic fluid my enter the circulation, inciting DIC.
What is a common cause of DIC? -Sepsis
A patient with DIC is at a higher risk for what? -Deficient fluid volume
Increased levels of ____________, _______________, __________, and ________________ will
be noted in DIC: -Fibrinolycin, fibrinopeptide A, positive fibrin split products and D-dimers.
DIC can occur secondary to what type of conditions? Select all that apply: -Abrupitoplacente
-Amniotic fluid embolism
-Endotoxin sepsis
-Retained dead fetus
-Post hemorrhage shock
-Hydatidformmole
-Gynecologic Malinganries
DIC can be decreased as a loss of balance between what two activities? -Clot forming activity
of thrombin
-Clot lysin activity of plasmin
,What are some ways to combat DIC? Select all that apply: -Anticoagulation therapy (low-
molecular weight heparin)
-Packed RBCs
-Platelet concentrate
-Antithrombin concentrate
-Nonclotting Protein- containing volume will expand like: plasma protein fraction or albumin
How does Heparin work in the circulatory system? -Inhibits thrombus and clot production by
blocking the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin & fibrogen to fibrin.
What are some adverse effects of Heparin? Select all that apply: -Loss of hair
-Bruising
-Chills
-Fever
-Osteoporosis
-Suppression of renal function
If a PT has an allergic reaction to Heparin, what drug would be administered as treatment?
- Lepirudin (refludan)
In DIC, microemboli may obstruct blood vessels and cause tissue hypoxia/ necrotic damage to
which organ structures? Select all that apply: -Kidneys
-Heart
-Lungs
-Brain
The treatment of DIC is directed toward managing what? -The Primary disease
, -Replacing clotting components
-Preventing further activation of clotting mechanisms
How do you correct the clotting factor deficiency in DIC? -Transition of FFP
- " " platelets
- " " fibrinogen containing cryoprecipitate
How does DIC initiate activation of the extrinsic pathway? -Occurs with liberation of tissue
factor and associated with obstetric complications, trauma, bacterial sepsis & cancer
How does DIC initiate activation of the intrinsic pathway? -Activated through extensive
endothelial damage with activation of factor XII. This results from viruses, infections, immune
mechanisms, stasis of blood or temperature extremes.
What are some potential therapies to DIC other than Heparin? -Tissue factor pathway
inhibitors, antithrombin, Protein C concentrates, & anti-inflammatory cytokines like INL-I
What are some obstetric conditions that have been associated with DIC? -Abrupito
placentratae
-Dead fetus syndrome
-Pre-eclampsia & eclampsia
-Amniotic fluid embolism
What are some Cancers that have been associated with DIC ? -Metastatic cancer
-Acute leukemia
What are some infections associations with DIC? -Acute bacterial infections (meningococal
meningitis)
REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) GRADED
A+| RNSG 2539 EXAM PREP (BRAND NEW!!)
In the ICU, a postsurgical client has developed sepsis and is being treated with multiple
medications. During the mid-morning assessment, which finding leads the nurse to suspect the
client may be developing a complication called disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Select all that apply.
A) Headaches associated with light sensitivity
B) Oozing from all previous puncture and intravenous sites
C) Decreased O2 saturation and diminished breath sounds in lower lobes
D) Hemorrhage from the surgical site requiring deep pressure dressings
E) Urine from the Foley catheter is bloody D) Hemorrhage from the surgical site requiring
deep pressure dressings
A healthy, primiparous (first-time) mother delivered a healthy infant several hours ago, but the
mother has experienced postpartum hemorrhage. Which of the following disorders is most
likely to underlie the client's excessive bleeding after delivery?
A) Disseminated intravascular coagulation
B) Hemophilia A
C) Von Willebrand disease
D) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) A) Disseminated intravascular coagulation
What is the concept behind heparin for PT with DIC? -It prevents the clotting phase from
being completed which inhibits the breakdown of fibrinogen.
- It also helps avoid hemorrhage by preventing the body from depleting entire stage of
coagulation factors.
,What are some acute clinical manifestations of DIC? -Directly related to bleeding
problems such as:
Petechia, Purpura, oozing from puncture sites or severe hemorrhaging.
How does DIC happen in postpartum hemorrhaging? -Tissue factors released from
necrotic place/fetal tissue or amniotic fluid my enter the circulation, inciting DIC.
What is a common cause of DIC? -Sepsis
A patient with DIC is at a higher risk for what? -Deficient fluid volume
Increased levels of ____________, _______________, __________, and ________________ will
be noted in DIC: -Fibrinolycin, fibrinopeptide A, positive fibrin split products and D-dimers.
DIC can occur secondary to what type of conditions? Select all that apply: -Abrupitoplacente
-Amniotic fluid embolism
-Endotoxin sepsis
-Retained dead fetus
-Post hemorrhage shock
-Hydatidformmole
-Gynecologic Malinganries
DIC can be decreased as a loss of balance between what two activities? -Clot forming activity
of thrombin
-Clot lysin activity of plasmin
,What are some ways to combat DIC? Select all that apply: -Anticoagulation therapy (low-
molecular weight heparin)
-Packed RBCs
-Platelet concentrate
-Antithrombin concentrate
-Nonclotting Protein- containing volume will expand like: plasma protein fraction or albumin
How does Heparin work in the circulatory system? -Inhibits thrombus and clot production by
blocking the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin & fibrogen to fibrin.
What are some adverse effects of Heparin? Select all that apply: -Loss of hair
-Bruising
-Chills
-Fever
-Osteoporosis
-Suppression of renal function
If a PT has an allergic reaction to Heparin, what drug would be administered as treatment?
- Lepirudin (refludan)
In DIC, microemboli may obstruct blood vessels and cause tissue hypoxia/ necrotic damage to
which organ structures? Select all that apply: -Kidneys
-Heart
-Lungs
-Brain
The treatment of DIC is directed toward managing what? -The Primary disease
, -Replacing clotting components
-Preventing further activation of clotting mechanisms
How do you correct the clotting factor deficiency in DIC? -Transition of FFP
- " " platelets
- " " fibrinogen containing cryoprecipitate
How does DIC initiate activation of the extrinsic pathway? -Occurs with liberation of tissue
factor and associated with obstetric complications, trauma, bacterial sepsis & cancer
How does DIC initiate activation of the intrinsic pathway? -Activated through extensive
endothelial damage with activation of factor XII. This results from viruses, infections, immune
mechanisms, stasis of blood or temperature extremes.
What are some potential therapies to DIC other than Heparin? -Tissue factor pathway
inhibitors, antithrombin, Protein C concentrates, & anti-inflammatory cytokines like INL-I
What are some obstetric conditions that have been associated with DIC? -Abrupito
placentratae
-Dead fetus syndrome
-Pre-eclampsia & eclampsia
-Amniotic fluid embolism
What are some Cancers that have been associated with DIC ? -Metastatic cancer
-Acute leukemia
What are some infections associations with DIC? -Acute bacterial infections (meningococal
meningitis)
