, TESTBANK FOR Essentials of Oceanography 9th Edition Garrison
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
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,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
1. About what percentage(%) of water on or near Earth's surface is contained in the ocean?
a. 30
b. 67
c. 71
d. 97
ANSWER: d
2. The average land elevation is approximately ____.
a. 200 meters (650 feet)
b. 760 meters (2,500 feet)
c. 840 meters (2,756 feet)
d. 3,700 meters (12,000 feet)
ANSWER: c
3. Which is true regarding the world ocean?
a. It plays a minor role in the weather and the shape of Earth’s landmasses.
b. It does not influence the way organisms live on land.
c. It dramatically influences weather, nurtures life, and provides crucial natural resources.
d. It has an average depth that represents over half of Earth's radius.
ANSWER: c
4. The ocean accounts for only slightly more than what percentage (%) of Earth’s mass?
a. 0.02
b. 0.20
c. 0.8
d. 1.3
ANSWER: a
5. The field of marine science involves ____.
a. building oil platforms, ships, harbors, and other structures that enable us to use the ocean wisely
b. making observations, asking questions, and forming hypotheses
c. scientifically studying the ocean, its associated life-forms, and its bordering lands
d. testing hypotheses by controlled experiments
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
6. When using the scientific method, scientific theories must be ____.
a. tested and consistently supported by observations or experiments
b. verified by the leading authorities in the field
c. consistent with previous, universally accepted scientific concepts
d. consistent with the fact that the ocean is of great age
ANSWER: a
7. Scientists believe that answers to our questions about nature are ____.
a. always questionable
b. sometimes correct, but mostly wrong
c. ultimately knowable
d. extremely simple if you look in the right places
ANSWER: c
8. Which statement is most consistent with the scientific method?
a. Hypotheses cannot be revised after they are proposed.
b. Hypotheses are tested through observations and controlled experiments.
c. Scientific laws always arise fully formed and in correlating groups.
d. Theories cannot be modified after they are tested.
ANSWER: b
9. Most of the observable matter in the universe consists of ____.
a. water molecules
b. planets and planet-like bodies
c. dust and debris
d. hydrogen and helium
ANSWER: d
10. New planets formed in a cloud of dust and debris surrounding our young sun through a process known as ____.
a. supernova
b. oxygen revolution
c. accretion
d. cataclysmic expansion of energy and matter
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
11. The death of a star is characterized by a massive release of energy called a ____.
a. nebula
b. protostar
c. supernova
d. comet
ANSWER: c
12. Stars spend their lives changing hydrogen and helium to ____.
a. carbon, oxygen, silicon, and iron
b. nitrogen and oxygen
c. water and carbon dioxide
d. ammonia and methane
ANSWER: a
13. By which process do stars (such as our sun) generate light and heat?
a. Accretion
b. Oxygen revolution
c. Density stratification
d. Nuclear fusion
ANSWER: d
14. What is the clumping of smaller particles into large masses?
a. Accretion
b. Nuclear fusion
c. Density stratification
d. Oxygen revolution
ANSWER: a
15. Oxygen first began to accumulate in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of ____.
a. biosynthesis
b. cellular respiration
c. methane synthesis
d. photosynthesis
ANSWER: d
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
16. Earth’s inner core is primarily made of ____.
a. magnesium and sodium
b. water and nitrogen
c. iron and nickel
d. silicon and oxygen
ANSWER: c
17. What would a visitor approaching Earth from space have seen 4.4 billion years ago?
a. A blue planet; 71% of its surface is covered by water
b. A hot, vapor-shrouded sphere blanketed by lightning-stroked clouds
c. A supercontinent breaking apart into smaller pieces
d. A landscape dominated by continents with small bodies of water dispersed throughout
ANSWER: b
18. Volcanic venting of volatile substances including water vapor is called ____.
a. outgassing
b. fissure
c. fusion
d. condensation
ANSWER: a
19. The water for the Earth’s ocean originated from ____.
a. water vapor produced by cellular respiration in early living organisms
b. radioactive heating of Earth's interior and the impacts of meteorites
c. capture of water molecules in space by Earth's gravity
d. volcanic gases and the impact of icy comets and asteroids
ANSWER: d
20. During its initial formation by the accretion of particles, the young Earth was ____.
a. shrouded in a thick atmosphere
b. stratified with a core, mantle, and crust
c. likely chemically homogenous throughout
d. completely covered by an ocean
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
21. The primary physical process responsible for the formation of Earth’s layers—the inner and outer core, mantle, and
crust—is ____.
a. density stratification
b. radioactive decay
c. outgassing
d. mass layering
ANSWER: a
22. Although the first regular ocean traders were probably the Cretans or the Phoenicians, the first direct evidence of
voyaging (traveling the ocean for a specific purpose) comes from ____.
a. ancient maps left by Polynesian people
b. Eratosthenes’s latitudinal and longitudinal maps
c. records of trade in the Mediterranean Sea
d. James Cook’s accurate charts of New Zealand, Australia, and the Great Barrier Reef
ANSWER: c
23. Who was the first person to estimate the size of the Earth within approximately 8% of its true size, based on the
geometric observations of travelers?
a. Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy
b. Eratosthenes of Cyrene
c. U.S. naval officer Matthew Maury
d. The Polynesians
ANSWER: b
24. Which statement is true regarding latitude and longitude?
a. Longitudinal lines are drawn parallel to the equator, while latitudinal lines are drawn from pole to pole.
b. Latitude and longitude comprise a system of imaginary lines dividing Earth's surface into a grid.
c. The first latitude and longitude lines were evenly spaced like they are today.
d. Zero degrees latitude is the prime meridian, and zero degrees longitude is the equator.
ANSWER: b
25. What did the Polynesians use to navigate among the islands in the Pacific Ocean?
a. The compass invented by the Chinese to map the interior of their continent
b. Detailed maps with latitude and longitude lines marking the path of previous expeditions
c. Maritime records obtained from the Library of Alexandria that included weather data
d. Subtle directional clues based on wind and wave patterns, the sun, moon, and stars, and marine organisms
ANSWER: d
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
26. The cousin of which scientist worked out the first rough chart of the Gulf Stream?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Edward Forbes
c. John Murray
d. Benjamin Franklin
ANSWER: d
27. The word "oceanography" was first coined in association with ____.
a. Cook's third voyage
b. the Challenger expedition
c. the founding of the Library of Alexandria
d. Captain James Cook's first voyage
ANSWER: b
28. Which voyage was the first expedition devoted purely to marine science?
a. Matthew Maury’s oceanographic work as a U.S. naval officer
b. Challenger expedition
c. Benjamin Franklin's first voyage across the Atlantic to take up his post as American Ambassador to France
d. Captain Cook's voyage to Tahiti in the ship Endeavour
ANSWER: b
29. Who was the first person to compile a picture of the large-scale wind and current systems?
a. Benjamin Franklin
b. Matthew Maury
c. Eratosthenes of Cyrene
d. Wyville Thomson
ANSWER: b
30. Who was the first to provide a rough chart of an ocean current, specifically, the Gulf Stream?
a. Edward Forbes
b. Tim Folger
c. Benjamin Franklin
d. Captain James Cook
ANSWER: b
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
31. Who would be most likely to receive the title of "first marine scientist"?
a. Matthew Maury
b. Captain James Cook
c. Christopher Columbus
d. Wyville Thompson
ANSWER: b
32. What was one accomplishment of Captain James Cook?
a. He was the first to circumnavigate the world.
b. He was the first to land on the coast of Antarctica.
c. He was the first European to explore the South Pacific.
d. He mapped the coasts of Australia and New Zealand.
ANSWER: d
33. What was the most important outcome of Matthew Maury's work?
a. The discovery of the Hawai'ian Islands
b. The formulation of a working hypothesis for the formation of coral reefs
c. The invention of a chronometer for the determination of longitude
d. The charting of ocean currents, which shortened sailors’ travel time significantly
ANSWER: d
34. The Challenger expedition (1872–1876) was a unique and historic voyage. Why?
a. It is the longest continuous scientific oceanographic expedition on record.
b. Its scientists developed the first reliable navigational charts to indicate current and wind patterns.
c. It was the first expedition to use an echo sounder to study the seafloor.
d. It proved the hypothesis that life could not exist in the deep sea.
ANSWER: a
35. Who was an Edinburgh professor who thought that no life existed in the deep sea because of high pressure and
lack of light?
a. Matthew Maury
b. James cook
c. Edward Forbes
d. Charles Wyville Thomson
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
36. What did the German Meteor expedition discover during their 1925 crisscross across the South Atlantic for two
years?
a. A completely flat ocean floor
b. The deepest part of the ocean’s deepest trench
c. A varied and often extremely rugged bottom profile
d. Evidence for seafloor spreading and plate tectonics
ANSWER: c
37. Glomar Challenger is known mainly for ____.
a. being the first modern scientific survey ship to circumnavigate the globe
b. being the first nuclear-powered scientific research vessel
c. being owned and operated simultaneously by four governmental agencies
d. taking the first complete cores of seafloor sediments
ANSWER: d
38. The first scientific expedition to use an echo sounder was the ____.
a. Challenger expedition
b. Meteor expedition
c. United States Exploring expedition
d. voyage of Trieste
ANSWER: b
39. Who trapped his ship in pack ice to explore the Arctic?
a. Forbes
b. Wilkes
c. Thomson
d. Nansen
ANSWER: d
40. What device bounces sound waves off the ocean bottom to study the depth and contours of the seafloor?
a. Echo sounder
b. Satellite
c. Bathyscaphe
d. Submersible
ANSWER: a
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
Important Notes
The file includes the complete test bank, organized chapter by chapter.
A sample of selected pages has been provided for preview.
All available appendices and Excel files (if included in the original resources) are
provided.
We continuously update our files to ensure you receive the latest and most accurate
editions.
New editions are added regularly – stay connected for updates!
✅ Why Buy From Us?
📚 Complete & organized chapter-by-chapter – no missing content, no guessing.
⚡ Instant digital delivery – get your file the moment you pay, no waiting.
📅 Always up to date – we track new editions so you always get the latest version.
💬 Friendly support – real humans ready to help, anytime you need us.
🔒 Safe & secure – thousands of satisfied students trust us every semester.
🛡️Our Guarantees
💰 Money-Back Guarantee: Not satisfied? We offer a full refund – no questions asked.
🔄 Wrong File? No Problem: Contact us and we will replace it immediately with the
correct version, free of charge.
⏰ 24/7 Support: We are always here – reach out anytime and expect a fast response.
Contact Email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
1. About what percentage(%) of water on or near Earth's surface is contained in the ocean?
a. 30
b. 67
c. 71
d. 97
ANSWER: d
2. The average land elevation is approximately ____.
a. 200 meters (650 feet)
b. 760 meters (2,500 feet)
c. 840 meters (2,756 feet)
d. 3,700 meters (12,000 feet)
ANSWER: c
3. Which is true regarding the world ocean?
a. It plays a minor role in the weather and the shape of Earth’s landmasses.
b. It does not influence the way organisms live on land.
c. It dramatically influences weather, nurtures life, and provides crucial natural resources.
d. It has an average depth that represents over half of Earth's radius.
ANSWER: c
4. The ocean accounts for only slightly more than what percentage (%) of Earth’s mass?
a. 0.02
b. 0.20
c. 0.8
d. 1.3
ANSWER: a
5. The field of marine science involves ____.
a. building oil platforms, ships, harbors, and other structures that enable us to use the ocean wisely
b. making observations, asking questions, and forming hypotheses
c. scientifically studying the ocean, its associated life-forms, and its bordering lands
d. testing hypotheses by controlled experiments
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
6. When using the scientific method, scientific theories must be ____.
a. tested and consistently supported by observations or experiments
b. verified by the leading authorities in the field
c. consistent with previous, universally accepted scientific concepts
d. consistent with the fact that the ocean is of great age
ANSWER: a
7. Scientists believe that answers to our questions about nature are ____.
a. always questionable
b. sometimes correct, but mostly wrong
c. ultimately knowable
d. extremely simple if you look in the right places
ANSWER: c
8. Which statement is most consistent with the scientific method?
a. Hypotheses cannot be revised after they are proposed.
b. Hypotheses are tested through observations and controlled experiments.
c. Scientific laws always arise fully formed and in correlating groups.
d. Theories cannot be modified after they are tested.
ANSWER: b
9. Most of the observable matter in the universe consists of ____.
a. water molecules
b. planets and planet-like bodies
c. dust and debris
d. hydrogen and helium
ANSWER: d
10. New planets formed in a cloud of dust and debris surrounding our young sun through a process known as ____.
a. supernova
b. oxygen revolution
c. accretion
d. cataclysmic expansion of energy and matter
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
11. The death of a star is characterized by a massive release of energy called a ____.
a. nebula
b. protostar
c. supernova
d. comet
ANSWER: c
12. Stars spend their lives changing hydrogen and helium to ____.
a. carbon, oxygen, silicon, and iron
b. nitrogen and oxygen
c. water and carbon dioxide
d. ammonia and methane
ANSWER: a
13. By which process do stars (such as our sun) generate light and heat?
a. Accretion
b. Oxygen revolution
c. Density stratification
d. Nuclear fusion
ANSWER: d
14. What is the clumping of smaller particles into large masses?
a. Accretion
b. Nuclear fusion
c. Density stratification
d. Oxygen revolution
ANSWER: a
15. Oxygen first began to accumulate in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of ____.
a. biosynthesis
b. cellular respiration
c. methane synthesis
d. photosynthesis
ANSWER: d
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
16. Earth’s inner core is primarily made of ____.
a. magnesium and sodium
b. water and nitrogen
c. iron and nickel
d. silicon and oxygen
ANSWER: c
17. What would a visitor approaching Earth from space have seen 4.4 billion years ago?
a. A blue planet; 71% of its surface is covered by water
b. A hot, vapor-shrouded sphere blanketed by lightning-stroked clouds
c. A supercontinent breaking apart into smaller pieces
d. A landscape dominated by continents with small bodies of water dispersed throughout
ANSWER: b
18. Volcanic venting of volatile substances including water vapor is called ____.
a. outgassing
b. fissure
c. fusion
d. condensation
ANSWER: a
19. The water for the Earth’s ocean originated from ____.
a. water vapor produced by cellular respiration in early living organisms
b. radioactive heating of Earth's interior and the impacts of meteorites
c. capture of water molecules in space by Earth's gravity
d. volcanic gases and the impact of icy comets and asteroids
ANSWER: d
20. During its initial formation by the accretion of particles, the young Earth was ____.
a. shrouded in a thick atmosphere
b. stratified with a core, mantle, and crust
c. likely chemically homogenous throughout
d. completely covered by an ocean
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
21. The primary physical process responsible for the formation of Earth’s layers—the inner and outer core, mantle, and
crust—is ____.
a. density stratification
b. radioactive decay
c. outgassing
d. mass layering
ANSWER: a
22. Although the first regular ocean traders were probably the Cretans or the Phoenicians, the first direct evidence of
voyaging (traveling the ocean for a specific purpose) comes from ____.
a. ancient maps left by Polynesian people
b. Eratosthenes’s latitudinal and longitudinal maps
c. records of trade in the Mediterranean Sea
d. James Cook’s accurate charts of New Zealand, Australia, and the Great Barrier Reef
ANSWER: c
23. Who was the first person to estimate the size of the Earth within approximately 8% of its true size, based on the
geometric observations of travelers?
a. Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy
b. Eratosthenes of Cyrene
c. U.S. naval officer Matthew Maury
d. The Polynesians
ANSWER: b
24. Which statement is true regarding latitude and longitude?
a. Longitudinal lines are drawn parallel to the equator, while latitudinal lines are drawn from pole to pole.
b. Latitude and longitude comprise a system of imaginary lines dividing Earth's surface into a grid.
c. The first latitude and longitude lines were evenly spaced like they are today.
d. Zero degrees latitude is the prime meridian, and zero degrees longitude is the equator.
ANSWER: b
25. What did the Polynesians use to navigate among the islands in the Pacific Ocean?
a. The compass invented by the Chinese to map the interior of their continent
b. Detailed maps with latitude and longitude lines marking the path of previous expeditions
c. Maritime records obtained from the Library of Alexandria that included weather data
d. Subtle directional clues based on wind and wave patterns, the sun, moon, and stars, and marine organisms
ANSWER: d
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
26. The cousin of which scientist worked out the first rough chart of the Gulf Stream?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Edward Forbes
c. John Murray
d. Benjamin Franklin
ANSWER: d
27. The word "oceanography" was first coined in association with ____.
a. Cook's third voyage
b. the Challenger expedition
c. the founding of the Library of Alexandria
d. Captain James Cook's first voyage
ANSWER: b
28. Which voyage was the first expedition devoted purely to marine science?
a. Matthew Maury’s oceanographic work as a U.S. naval officer
b. Challenger expedition
c. Benjamin Franklin's first voyage across the Atlantic to take up his post as American Ambassador to France
d. Captain Cook's voyage to Tahiti in the ship Endeavour
ANSWER: b
29. Who was the first person to compile a picture of the large-scale wind and current systems?
a. Benjamin Franklin
b. Matthew Maury
c. Eratosthenes of Cyrene
d. Wyville Thomson
ANSWER: b
30. Who was the first to provide a rough chart of an ocean current, specifically, the Gulf Stream?
a. Edward Forbes
b. Tim Folger
c. Benjamin Franklin
d. Captain James Cook
ANSWER: b
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
31. Who would be most likely to receive the title of "first marine scientist"?
a. Matthew Maury
b. Captain James Cook
c. Christopher Columbus
d. Wyville Thompson
ANSWER: b
32. What was one accomplishment of Captain James Cook?
a. He was the first to circumnavigate the world.
b. He was the first to land on the coast of Antarctica.
c. He was the first European to explore the South Pacific.
d. He mapped the coasts of Australia and New Zealand.
ANSWER: d
33. What was the most important outcome of Matthew Maury's work?
a. The discovery of the Hawai'ian Islands
b. The formulation of a working hypothesis for the formation of coral reefs
c. The invention of a chronometer for the determination of longitude
d. The charting of ocean currents, which shortened sailors’ travel time significantly
ANSWER: d
34. The Challenger expedition (1872–1876) was a unique and historic voyage. Why?
a. It is the longest continuous scientific oceanographic expedition on record.
b. Its scientists developed the first reliable navigational charts to indicate current and wind patterns.
c. It was the first expedition to use an echo sounder to study the seafloor.
d. It proved the hypothesis that life could not exist in the deep sea.
ANSWER: a
35. Who was an Edinburgh professor who thought that no life existed in the deep sea because of high pressure and
lack of light?
a. Matthew Maury
b. James cook
c. Edward Forbes
d. Charles Wyville Thomson
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - An Ocean World
36. What did the German Meteor expedition discover during their 1925 crisscross across the South Atlantic for two
years?
a. A completely flat ocean floor
b. The deepest part of the ocean’s deepest trench
c. A varied and often extremely rugged bottom profile
d. Evidence for seafloor spreading and plate tectonics
ANSWER: c
37. Glomar Challenger is known mainly for ____.
a. being the first modern scientific survey ship to circumnavigate the globe
b. being the first nuclear-powered scientific research vessel
c. being owned and operated simultaneously by four governmental agencies
d. taking the first complete cores of seafloor sediments
ANSWER: d
38. The first scientific expedition to use an echo sounder was the ____.
a. Challenger expedition
b. Meteor expedition
c. United States Exploring expedition
d. voyage of Trieste
ANSWER: b
39. Who trapped his ship in pack ice to explore the Arctic?
a. Forbes
b. Wilkes
c. Thomson
d. Nansen
ANSWER: d
40. What device bounces sound waves off the ocean bottom to study the depth and contours of the seafloor?
a. Echo sounder
b. Satellite
c. Bathyscaphe
d. Submersible
ANSWER: a
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
