HCR 240 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS
(MODULES 4 - 7)| 2026 LATEST UPDATED| GET A+
1. Rheumatology Study of inflammation of the muscles, bones, and
joints
2. Cortical bone Hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer
of bone; also called compact bone
3. Trabecular bone Interior, spongy bone with a porous, honeycomb
structure; also called cancellous bone
4. Haversian canal One of a network of tubes running through
compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
5. Volkmann canals Connect Haversian canals
, 6. Osteoblast Bone-forming cell
7. Osteoclast Bone-destroying cells
8. Synovial joints Freely movable joints, which are composed of an
outer fibrous capsule, which encases interior synovial membranes, articular
cartilage, and synovial fluid.
Ex: shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, hand, and fingers
9. Cartilage A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and
that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
10. Articular carti- Hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in
synovial joints
lage
,11. Chondrocytes Cells that secrete extracellular matrix of cartilage
12. Interphalangeal Knuckle joints, usually referring to the fingers joints
13. Metatarsopha- Toe knuckle joints langeal joint
14. Arthropathy Any joint disease
15. Arthritis Inflammation of a joint
16. Myositis Inflammation of the skeletal muscles
17. Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and
break easily. Bone demineralization caused by greater osteoclastic activity
compared with osteoblastic activity.
, 18. Osteopenia Abnormal reduction of bone mass
19. Osteoarthritis Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of
articular cartilage and hyper-
(OA) trophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular
surfaces
20. Osteophytes Bone spurs; a bony outgrowth associated with the
degeneration of cartilage at joints.
22 . Bouchard's Swelling at the proximal interphalangeal joint; classic presentation for os-
nodes teoarthritis
23 . Heberden's Swelling at the distal interphalangeal joint,; classic presentation for osteoar
nodes
(MODULES 4 - 7)| 2026 LATEST UPDATED| GET A+
1. Rheumatology Study of inflammation of the muscles, bones, and
joints
2. Cortical bone Hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer
of bone; also called compact bone
3. Trabecular bone Interior, spongy bone with a porous, honeycomb
structure; also called cancellous bone
4. Haversian canal One of a network of tubes running through
compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
5. Volkmann canals Connect Haversian canals
, 6. Osteoblast Bone-forming cell
7. Osteoclast Bone-destroying cells
8. Synovial joints Freely movable joints, which are composed of an
outer fibrous capsule, which encases interior synovial membranes, articular
cartilage, and synovial fluid.
Ex: shoulder, elbow, knee, hip, hand, and fingers
9. Cartilage A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and
that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.
10. Articular carti- Hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in
synovial joints
lage
,11. Chondrocytes Cells that secrete extracellular matrix of cartilage
12. Interphalangeal Knuckle joints, usually referring to the fingers joints
13. Metatarsopha- Toe knuckle joints langeal joint
14. Arthropathy Any joint disease
15. Arthritis Inflammation of a joint
16. Myositis Inflammation of the skeletal muscles
17. Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and
break easily. Bone demineralization caused by greater osteoclastic activity
compared with osteoblastic activity.
, 18. Osteopenia Abnormal reduction of bone mass
19. Osteoarthritis Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of
articular cartilage and hyper-
(OA) trophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular
surfaces
20. Osteophytes Bone spurs; a bony outgrowth associated with the
degeneration of cartilage at joints.
22 . Bouchard's Swelling at the proximal interphalangeal joint; classic presentation for os-
nodes teoarthritis
23 . Heberden's Swelling at the distal interphalangeal joint,; classic presentation for osteoar
nodes
