Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function Exam 1
The study of how different species have solved problems of life
such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction. Comparative
Comparative Physiology physiology is also the basis for the development of new drugs and
medical procedures.
Greek physician, the "father" of medicine. He and his followers
established a code of ethics for physicians, the Hippocratic Oath,
Hippocrates that is still re-cited in modern form by graduating physicians at
some medical schools.
One of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and
physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events
could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or
natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi. We derive such
terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the
nineteenth century, physicians were called " doctors of physic." In
his anatomy book, On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle tried to
Aristotle identify unifying themes in nature. Among other points, he argued
that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple
components— a perspective that we will find useful later in this
chapter.
Physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential
medical textbook of the ancient era— a book worshipped to
Claudius Galen excess by medical professors for centuries to follow.
Jewish physician - Moses ben Maimon. A highly admired rabbi,
Mai-monides wrote voluminously on Jewish law and theology, but
Maimonides also wrote 10 influential medical books and numerous treatises on
specific diseases.
Most highly regarded medical scholar among Muslims. His
textbook was "The Canon of Medicine" the leading authority in
Avicenna or " the Galen of Islam" European medical schools for over 500 years.
Andreas Vesalius Taught anatomy in Italy. Wrote the first Atlas
What Vesalius was to anatomy, Harvey was to physiology. Harvey
is remembered especially for his studies of blood circulation and a
William Harvey little book he published in 1628, known by its abbreviated title De
Motu Cordis ( On the Motion of the Heart).
He & Harvey were the first Western scientists to realize that blood
must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the
Michael Servetus other organs and back to the heart again.
An Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds,
including the compound microscope. This is a tube with a lens at
each end— an objective lens near the specimen, which produces
Robert Hooke an initial magnified image, and an ocular lens (eyepiece) near the
ob-server's eye, which magnifies the first image still further.
1
, Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function Exam 1
A Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple ( single- lens)
microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of
fabrics. His microscope was a bead-like lens mounted in a metal
plate equipped with a movable specimen clip. Even though his
microscopes were simpler than Hooke's, they achieved much
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
greater useful magnification ( up to 200×) owing to Leeuwenhoek's
superior lens-making technique.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Concluded that all organisms were composed of cells.
Schwann
They are credited with putting science on the path to modernity,
not by discovering anything new in nature or inventing any
techniques— for neither man was a scientist— but by inventing
Francis Bacon in England and new habits of scientific thought. based on assumptions and
René Descartes in France methods that yield reliable, objective, testable information about
nature.
Refers less to observational procedures than to certain habits of
disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and
honest analysis of one's observations and conclusions. It is
Scientific method especially important in health science to understand these habits.
First prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous
observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations
Inductive Method and predictions from them. What we know of anatomy is a product
of the inductive method.
The confirmation theory that a hypothesis is confirmed when all of
Hypothetico- deductive method it logical consequences turn out to be true.
An informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and
potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection. An
educated speculation or possible answer to the question. A good
hypothesis must be (1) consistent with what is already known and
(2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence. The
Hypothesis
purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answering a
question.
If we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to
specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing
Falsifiability could possibly prove it wrong, then it is not scientific.
Placebo A substance with no significant physiological effect on the body.
Information that can be independently verified by any trained
person— for example, the fact that an iron deficiency leads to
Scientific fact anemia.
2
The study of how different species have solved problems of life
such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction. Comparative
Comparative Physiology physiology is also the basis for the development of new drugs and
medical procedures.
Greek physician, the "father" of medicine. He and his followers
established a code of ethics for physicians, the Hippocratic Oath,
Hippocrates that is still re-cited in modern form by graduating physicians at
some medical schools.
One of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and
physiology. He believed that diseases and other natural events
could have either supernatural causes, which he called theologi, or
natural ones, which he called physici or physiologi. We derive such
terms as physician and physiology from the latter. Until the
nineteenth century, physicians were called " doctors of physic." In
his anatomy book, On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle tried to
Aristotle identify unifying themes in nature. Among other points, he argued
that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple
components— a perspective that we will find useful later in this
chapter.
Physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential
medical textbook of the ancient era— a book worshipped to
Claudius Galen excess by medical professors for centuries to follow.
Jewish physician - Moses ben Maimon. A highly admired rabbi,
Mai-monides wrote voluminously on Jewish law and theology, but
Maimonides also wrote 10 influential medical books and numerous treatises on
specific diseases.
Most highly regarded medical scholar among Muslims. His
textbook was "The Canon of Medicine" the leading authority in
Avicenna or " the Galen of Islam" European medical schools for over 500 years.
Andreas Vesalius Taught anatomy in Italy. Wrote the first Atlas
What Vesalius was to anatomy, Harvey was to physiology. Harvey
is remembered especially for his studies of blood circulation and a
William Harvey little book he published in 1628, known by its abbreviated title De
Motu Cordis ( On the Motion of the Heart).
He & Harvey were the first Western scientists to realize that blood
must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the
Michael Servetus other organs and back to the heart again.
An Englishman, designed scientific instruments of various kinds,
including the compound microscope. This is a tube with a lens at
each end— an objective lens near the specimen, which produces
Robert Hooke an initial magnified image, and an ocular lens (eyepiece) near the
ob-server's eye, which magnifies the first image still further.
1
, Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function Exam 1
A Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple ( single- lens)
microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of
fabrics. His microscope was a bead-like lens mounted in a metal
plate equipped with a movable specimen clip. Even though his
microscopes were simpler than Hooke's, they achieved much
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
greater useful magnification ( up to 200×) owing to Leeuwenhoek's
superior lens-making technique.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Concluded that all organisms were composed of cells.
Schwann
They are credited with putting science on the path to modernity,
not by discovering anything new in nature or inventing any
techniques— for neither man was a scientist— but by inventing
Francis Bacon in England and new habits of scientific thought. based on assumptions and
René Descartes in France methods that yield reliable, objective, testable information about
nature.
Refers less to observational procedures than to certain habits of
disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking, and
honest analysis of one's observations and conclusions. It is
Scientific method especially important in health science to understand these habits.
First prescribed by Bacon, is a process of making numerous
observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations
Inductive Method and predictions from them. What we know of anatomy is a product
of the inductive method.
The confirmation theory that a hypothesis is confirmed when all of
Hypothetico- deductive method it logical consequences turn out to be true.
An informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and
potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection. An
educated speculation or possible answer to the question. A good
hypothesis must be (1) consistent with what is already known and
(2) capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence. The
Hypothesis
purpose of a hypothesis is to suggest a method for answering a
question.
If we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to
specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing
Falsifiability could possibly prove it wrong, then it is not scientific.
Placebo A substance with no significant physiological effect on the body.
Information that can be independently verified by any trained
person— for example, the fact that an iron deficiency leads to
Scientific fact anemia.
2
