AdvancedNutrition g
and Human g
g Metabolism8eSareen g g
Gropper, Jack Smith,
g g g
Timothy Carr
g g
(Instructor Manual All
g g g
Chapters, 100%
g g
Original Verified, A+
g g g
Grade) g
,InstructorManual g
Gropper/Smith/Carr, Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism, c2022, 9780357449813;
g g g g g g g
Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
g g g g g g g g
Table of Contents
g g
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .................................................................................. 2
g g g g g
Chapter Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 2
g
Chapter Outline .......................................................................................................................... 2
g
Discussion Questions.................................................................................................................. 9
g
Activities and Assignments ....................................................................................................... 11
g g
Additional Resources ............................................................................................................... 14
g
Internet Resources................................................................................................................................... 14
g
Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 15
Standard Writing Rubric ........................................................................................................................... 15
g g
Standard Discussion Rubric ...................................................................................................................... 16
g g
,Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter
g g g g g
This chapter introduces the basic functions of the human cell to serve as background as
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g
students proceed to learn about nutrition and metabolism within the human body.
g g g g g g g g g g g g
Chapter Objectives g
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
g g g g g g g
1.1 Identify cellular components and their functions.
g g g g g
1.2 Describe the roles of cell receptors and enzymes.
g g g g g g g
1.3 Explain the mechanisms by which enzymatic reactions are regulated.
g g g g g g g g
1.4 Discuss the need for and pathways involved in apoptosis.
g g g g g g g g
1.5 Describe how energy is released and utilized in chemical reactions.
g g g g g g g g g
[return to top]
g g
Chapter Outline g
I. Introduction
1. This chapter provides a brief review of the basics of a cell, including cellular
g g g g g g g g g g g g g
components, biological energy, and an overview of a cell’s natural life span.
g g g g g g g g g g g g
2. Key Terms g
a. Cells—basic living, structural, and functional units of the human body g g g g g g g g g
b. Eukaryotic cells—multicellular organisms g g
c. Prokaryotic cells—primitive cells g g
d. Plasma membrane—sheetlike structure that encapsulates and surrounds the g g g g g g g
cell, allowing it to exist as a distinct unit
g g g g g g g g g
3. Figures and Tables g g
a. Figure 1.1—three-dimensional depiction of a typical mammalian liver cell
g g g g g g g g
II. Components of Cells g g
A. Plasma Membrane g
1. Sheetlike structure that encapsulates and surrounds the cell. It is asymmetrical
g g g g g g g g g g
and considered to be a fluid structure
g g g g g g g
2. Key Terms g
a. Hydrophobic—molecule or part of molecule that repels water but has strong g g g g g g g g g g
affinity for nonpolar substances
g g g g
b. Receptors—macromolecules that bind a signal molecule with a high degree g g g g g g g g g
of specificity that triggers intracellular events
g g g g g g
, c. Enzymes—protein catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction g g g g g g g g g
in the body
g g g
3. Figures and tables g g
a. Figure 1.2—lipid bilayer structure of biological membranes
g g g g g g
b. Figure 1.3—fluid model of cell membrane. Lipids and proteins are mobile
g g g g g g g g g g
and can move laterally in the membrane
g g g g g g g
B. Cytosol and Cytoskeleton
g g
1. The cytoplasm includes
g g
a. Cytosol—a gel-like liquid inside the plasma membrane but not in the nucleus
g g g g g g g g g g g
b. Cytoskeleton—made up of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and g g g g g g
microfilaments
g
2. Organelles Key Terms g g
a. Microtubules—hollow, cylindrical cytoskeletal structures composed of the g g g g g g
protein tubulin that act to support the cell structure
g g g g g g g g g
b. Intermediate filaments—strong, ropelike cytoskeletal fibers that are made of
g g g g g g g g
protein and that function to provide mechanical stability to cells
g g g g g g g g g g
c. Microfilaments—solid cytoskeletal structures made of a double-helix g g g g g g
polymer of the protein actin that play a role in cell motility
g g g g g g g g g g g g
3. Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments—make up the
g g g g g g
cytoskeleton
g
4. Structural arrangement of the cell influences metabolic pathways
g g g g g g g
a. Hexose monophosphate shunt—pentose phosphate pathway
g g g g
5. Figures and tables g g
a. Figure 1.4—the cytoskeleton provides a structure for cell
g g g g g g g
organelles, microvilli, and large molecules
g g g g g
C. Mitochondrion
1. Cellular organelle that is the site of energy production by
g g g g g g g g g
goxidative phosphorylation and the site of tricarboxylic acid cycle
g g g g g g g g
2. Key terms g
a. Mitochondria—primary sites of oxygen use and ATP production in cells g g g g g g g g g
b. Oxidative phosphorylation—pathway in the mitochondria that makes ATP
g g g g g g g
from ADP and Pi
g g g g
c. Electron transport chain—sequential transfer of electrons from reduced
g g g g g g g
coenzymes to oxygen that is coupled with ATP formation and occurs
g g g g g g g g g g g
within the mitochondria
g g g
3. Mitochondrial membrane—a double membrane that surrounds the g g g g g g
gmitochondrial matrix; the inner membrane is less permeable than the porous
g g g g g g g g g g
outer membrane
g g
4. Mitochondrial matrix—the interior space in which metabolic enzyme systems
g g g g g g g g
catalyze reactions of the tricarboxylic acid and fatty acid oxidation
g g g g g g g g g g
5. Figures and tables g g
and Human g
g Metabolism8eSareen g g
Gropper, Jack Smith,
g g g
Timothy Carr
g g
(Instructor Manual All
g g g
Chapters, 100%
g g
Original Verified, A+
g g g
Grade) g
,InstructorManual g
Gropper/Smith/Carr, Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism, c2022, 9780357449813;
g g g g g g g
Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
g g g g g g g g
Table of Contents
g g
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter .................................................................................. 2
g g g g g
Chapter Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 2
g
Chapter Outline .......................................................................................................................... 2
g
Discussion Questions.................................................................................................................. 9
g
Activities and Assignments ....................................................................................................... 11
g g
Additional Resources ............................................................................................................... 14
g
Internet Resources................................................................................................................................... 14
g
Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 15
Standard Writing Rubric ........................................................................................................................... 15
g g
Standard Discussion Rubric ...................................................................................................................... 16
g g
,Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter
g g g g g
This chapter introduces the basic functions of the human cell to serve as background as
g g g g g g g g g g g g g g
students proceed to learn about nutrition and metabolism within the human body.
g g g g g g g g g g g g
Chapter Objectives g
The following objectives are addressed in this chapter:
g g g g g g g
1.1 Identify cellular components and their functions.
g g g g g
1.2 Describe the roles of cell receptors and enzymes.
g g g g g g g
1.3 Explain the mechanisms by which enzymatic reactions are regulated.
g g g g g g g g
1.4 Discuss the need for and pathways involved in apoptosis.
g g g g g g g g
1.5 Describe how energy is released and utilized in chemical reactions.
g g g g g g g g g
[return to top]
g g
Chapter Outline g
I. Introduction
1. This chapter provides a brief review of the basics of a cell, including cellular
g g g g g g g g g g g g g
components, biological energy, and an overview of a cell’s natural life span.
g g g g g g g g g g g g
2. Key Terms g
a. Cells—basic living, structural, and functional units of the human body g g g g g g g g g
b. Eukaryotic cells—multicellular organisms g g
c. Prokaryotic cells—primitive cells g g
d. Plasma membrane—sheetlike structure that encapsulates and surrounds the g g g g g g g
cell, allowing it to exist as a distinct unit
g g g g g g g g g
3. Figures and Tables g g
a. Figure 1.1—three-dimensional depiction of a typical mammalian liver cell
g g g g g g g g
II. Components of Cells g g
A. Plasma Membrane g
1. Sheetlike structure that encapsulates and surrounds the cell. It is asymmetrical
g g g g g g g g g g
and considered to be a fluid structure
g g g g g g g
2. Key Terms g
a. Hydrophobic—molecule or part of molecule that repels water but has strong g g g g g g g g g g
affinity for nonpolar substances
g g g g
b. Receptors—macromolecules that bind a signal molecule with a high degree g g g g g g g g g
of specificity that triggers intracellular events
g g g g g g
, c. Enzymes—protein catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction g g g g g g g g g
in the body
g g g
3. Figures and tables g g
a. Figure 1.2—lipid bilayer structure of biological membranes
g g g g g g
b. Figure 1.3—fluid model of cell membrane. Lipids and proteins are mobile
g g g g g g g g g g
and can move laterally in the membrane
g g g g g g g
B. Cytosol and Cytoskeleton
g g
1. The cytoplasm includes
g g
a. Cytosol—a gel-like liquid inside the plasma membrane but not in the nucleus
g g g g g g g g g g g
b. Cytoskeleton—made up of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and g g g g g g
microfilaments
g
2. Organelles Key Terms g g
a. Microtubules—hollow, cylindrical cytoskeletal structures composed of the g g g g g g
protein tubulin that act to support the cell structure
g g g g g g g g g
b. Intermediate filaments—strong, ropelike cytoskeletal fibers that are made of
g g g g g g g g
protein and that function to provide mechanical stability to cells
g g g g g g g g g g
c. Microfilaments—solid cytoskeletal structures made of a double-helix g g g g g g
polymer of the protein actin that play a role in cell motility
g g g g g g g g g g g g
3. Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments—make up the
g g g g g g
cytoskeleton
g
4. Structural arrangement of the cell influences metabolic pathways
g g g g g g g
a. Hexose monophosphate shunt—pentose phosphate pathway
g g g g
5. Figures and tables g g
a. Figure 1.4—the cytoskeleton provides a structure for cell
g g g g g g g
organelles, microvilli, and large molecules
g g g g g
C. Mitochondrion
1. Cellular organelle that is the site of energy production by
g g g g g g g g g
goxidative phosphorylation and the site of tricarboxylic acid cycle
g g g g g g g g
2. Key terms g
a. Mitochondria—primary sites of oxygen use and ATP production in cells g g g g g g g g g
b. Oxidative phosphorylation—pathway in the mitochondria that makes ATP
g g g g g g g
from ADP and Pi
g g g g
c. Electron transport chain—sequential transfer of electrons from reduced
g g g g g g g
coenzymes to oxygen that is coupled with ATP formation and occurs
g g g g g g g g g g g
within the mitochondria
g g g
3. Mitochondrial membrane—a double membrane that surrounds the g g g g g g
gmitochondrial matrix; the inner membrane is less permeable than the porous
g g g g g g g g g g
outer membrane
g g
4. Mitochondrial matrix—the interior space in which metabolic enzyme systems
g g g g g g g g
catalyze reactions of the tricarboxylic acid and fatty acid oxidation
g g g g g g g g g g
5. Figures and tables g g
