NSG415 - GAS EXCHANGE II EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
What are the 2 types of respiratory failure? - ANS hypoxic (hypoxemia)
ventilatory (hypercarbia)
Describe ventilatory respiratory failure (type 2) - ANS hypercarbia
high CO2
Mechanic failure - failure of CO2 elimination
What are the ventilatory risk factors? - ANS COPD/Asthma
Pneumothorax
Flail chest (breathing in chest goes down, breathing out chest up) - paradoxical movement
1
,Fibrosis
Neuromuscular d/o (drug overdose etc)
Elevated ICP (irregular RR)
Describe hypoxic respiratory failure (type 1) - hypoxemia - ANS Discrepancy between
ventilation and perfusion
Low O2
What is the normal V/Q ratio? what does V and Q mean? - ANS V - alveolar ventilation
(O2 getting to the alveoli)
Q - perfusion (O2 diffusing into blood to reach body)
0.8
What are examples of alveoli not being able to ventilate/oxygen in? - ANS ARDS
pneumonia
pulmonary edema
What are some examples of the pulmonary blood flow not being able to receive oxygen? -
ANS Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
2
, Pulmonary Hypertension
Low cardiac output/shock state
Reduced cardiac output
Low hemoglobin (anemia, methemoglobinemia, carboxyhemoglobinemia)
What are oxygenation failure risk factors? list out if each has perfusion or ventilation problem -
ANS low hemoglobin (perfusion)
ARDS (vent)
pulmonary embolism (perfusion)
pulmonary edema (vent)
hypovolemic shock (perfusion)
pneumonia (vent)
What is mixed respiratory failure? - ANS increased CO2 + decreased O2
ex: asthmatic pt develops pneumonia, obese pt develops acute bronchitis, pt w/ sepsis w/ fluid
overload
3
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026
VERIFIED.
What are the 2 types of respiratory failure? - ANS hypoxic (hypoxemia)
ventilatory (hypercarbia)
Describe ventilatory respiratory failure (type 2) - ANS hypercarbia
high CO2
Mechanic failure - failure of CO2 elimination
What are the ventilatory risk factors? - ANS COPD/Asthma
Pneumothorax
Flail chest (breathing in chest goes down, breathing out chest up) - paradoxical movement
1
,Fibrosis
Neuromuscular d/o (drug overdose etc)
Elevated ICP (irregular RR)
Describe hypoxic respiratory failure (type 1) - hypoxemia - ANS Discrepancy between
ventilation and perfusion
Low O2
What is the normal V/Q ratio? what does V and Q mean? - ANS V - alveolar ventilation
(O2 getting to the alveoli)
Q - perfusion (O2 diffusing into blood to reach body)
0.8
What are examples of alveoli not being able to ventilate/oxygen in? - ANS ARDS
pneumonia
pulmonary edema
What are some examples of the pulmonary blood flow not being able to receive oxygen? -
ANS Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
2
, Pulmonary Hypertension
Low cardiac output/shock state
Reduced cardiac output
Low hemoglobin (anemia, methemoglobinemia, carboxyhemoglobinemia)
What are oxygenation failure risk factors? list out if each has perfusion or ventilation problem -
ANS low hemoglobin (perfusion)
ARDS (vent)
pulmonary embolism (perfusion)
pulmonary edema (vent)
hypovolemic shock (perfusion)
pneumonia (vent)
What is mixed respiratory failure? - ANS increased CO2 + decreased O2
ex: asthmatic pt develops pneumonia, obese pt develops acute bronchitis, pt w/ sepsis w/ fluid
overload
3
