AQA A Level Biology Year 1 Questions and
Answer | Complete Solutions | A+ Verified
• Glucose formula -✓✓C₆H₁₂O₆
• Name of the bond between monosaccharides? -✓✓Glycosidic bond.
• What is sucrose made from? -✓✓Glucose and fructose.
• What is lactose made from? -✓✓Glucose and galactose.
• What is maltose made from? -✓✓Two alpha glucose.
• Testing for reducing sugars? -✓✓Add Benedict's reagent (blue) and heat in a water
bath at a boil. If present: Green → yellow → orange → brick red
• Test for non-reducing sugars? -✓✓Add dilute hydrochloric acid and heat, neutralise
with Sodium Hydrogencarbonate and add Benedicts reagent.
• What is the scientific name for carbohydrates? -✓✓Polysaccharides.
• What is starch made of? -✓✓Starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides of alpha
glucose: Amylose and amylopectin.
• What is amylose? -✓✓A long, unbranched alpha glucose chain. The angles in it make
it have a coiled shape which makes it compact and effective for storage.
• What is amylopectin? -✓✓A long, braqnched alpha glucose chain. The side branches
mean that enzymes can get to and hydrolise glycosidic bonds faster so glucose can be
released quickly.
• What is glycogen? -✓✓A polysaccharide of alpha glucose with a similar structure to
starch except it is more branched, allowing even faster energy release. It is also very
compact.
• What is celluose? -✓✓it is made of long. straight chains of beta glucose. The chains
are linked my hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils, a strong fibre. The strong fibres allow
it to provide structural support in cells as cell walls.
• How to test for starch. -✓✓Add iodine which is dissolved in potassium iodie ti the
sample. Positive result: Turns blue-black. Negative result: stays browny-orange.
,• Which of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids are not a polymer. -✓✓Lipids.
• What are triglycerides made of? -✓✓Glycerol and fatty acids.
• What causes lipids to be insoluble in water? -✓✓The hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
• What is the structure of a fatty acid? -✓✓
• What do double bonds cause in fatty acids? -✓✓A kink in the chain.
• Triglyceride formation? -✓✓
• What are phospholipids? -✓✓Similar to triglycerides, but one of the fatty acid tails is
replaced by a phosphate group head.
• Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophillic and which part is hydrophobic? -✓✓The
phosphate group is hydrophillic and the fatty acid tail is hydrophobic.
• What are triglycerides mainly used for? -✓✓To store energy, they are effective at this
as the hydrocarbon tails contain a lot of energy. They are also insoluble so do not affect
the water potential of cells, preventing swelling.
• How much energy do lipids contain compared to carbohydrates? -✓✓Twice as much
energy per gram.
• Why do triglycerides bundle together in water? -✓✓The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
so face inwards, so are shielded by the glycerol heads.
• What role do phospholipids perform? -✓✓They make up the bilayer in cell membranes.
• Test for lipids? -✓✓The emulsion test: Shake substance with ethanol and pour into
water. A white emulsion forms if it is present.
• What are proteins made of? -✓✓Amino acids.
• What is the bond between amino acids called? -✓✓Peptide bond.
• Amino acid structure. -✓✓Amino group, variable group, carboxyl group.
• What is a primary structure? -✓✓Polypeptide chain.
• What is a secondary structure? -✓✓Chain twists into alpha helix or folds in beta
pleated sheet.
, • What is a tertiary structure? -✓✓Chain coils further, forming hydrogen bonds, ionic
bonds and disulphide bridges.
• When do disulphide bridges form? -✓✓When the sulphur atoms on the amino acid
cysteine form sulphur bonds.
• What is a Quaternary structure> -✓✓Like tertiary, but made of several chains.
• Test for protein? -✓✓Biuret test. Add a few drops of Sodium Hydroxide, then add
copper sulphate. Purple positive. Blue negative.
• What is formed when catalysts join to substrates? -✓✓Enzyme-substrate complex.
• What does DNA stand for? -✓✓Deoxyribonucleic acid.
• What does RNA stand for? -✓✓Ribonucleic acid.
• Nucleotide structure. -✓✓
• What is the monomer of DNA and RNA? -✓✓Nucleotides. The polymer is called
Polynucleotide strands.
• What are the sides of DNA and RNA called? -✓✓Sugar-phosphate backbone.
• What is the name for the bond between the pentose sugar and phosphate group of
nucleotides? -✓✓Phosphodiester bond.
• Why can a lot of genetic information fit in the nucleus? -✓✓DNA molecules are long
and coiled tightly.
• What are the base pairings? -✓✓Adenine - thymine (two bonds)
Cytosine- Guanine (three bonds)
• How are bases in DNA joined? -✓✓Hydrogen bonds.
• How are the polynucleotide strands in DNA arranged? -✓✓They are antiparallel. One
runs from 3' to 5' and the other 5' to 3'.
• What did scientists originally think carried genetic information? -✓✓Proteins. They
thought DNA was too simple.
• How does DNA replicate? -✓✓Semi-conservatively. One original strand goes to each
new cell.
Answer | Complete Solutions | A+ Verified
• Glucose formula -✓✓C₆H₁₂O₆
• Name of the bond between monosaccharides? -✓✓Glycosidic bond.
• What is sucrose made from? -✓✓Glucose and fructose.
• What is lactose made from? -✓✓Glucose and galactose.
• What is maltose made from? -✓✓Two alpha glucose.
• Testing for reducing sugars? -✓✓Add Benedict's reagent (blue) and heat in a water
bath at a boil. If present: Green → yellow → orange → brick red
• Test for non-reducing sugars? -✓✓Add dilute hydrochloric acid and heat, neutralise
with Sodium Hydrogencarbonate and add Benedicts reagent.
• What is the scientific name for carbohydrates? -✓✓Polysaccharides.
• What is starch made of? -✓✓Starch is a mixture of two polysaccharides of alpha
glucose: Amylose and amylopectin.
• What is amylose? -✓✓A long, unbranched alpha glucose chain. The angles in it make
it have a coiled shape which makes it compact and effective for storage.
• What is amylopectin? -✓✓A long, braqnched alpha glucose chain. The side branches
mean that enzymes can get to and hydrolise glycosidic bonds faster so glucose can be
released quickly.
• What is glycogen? -✓✓A polysaccharide of alpha glucose with a similar structure to
starch except it is more branched, allowing even faster energy release. It is also very
compact.
• What is celluose? -✓✓it is made of long. straight chains of beta glucose. The chains
are linked my hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils, a strong fibre. The strong fibres allow
it to provide structural support in cells as cell walls.
• How to test for starch. -✓✓Add iodine which is dissolved in potassium iodie ti the
sample. Positive result: Turns blue-black. Negative result: stays browny-orange.
,• Which of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids are not a polymer. -✓✓Lipids.
• What are triglycerides made of? -✓✓Glycerol and fatty acids.
• What causes lipids to be insoluble in water? -✓✓The hydrophobic fatty acid tails.
• What is the structure of a fatty acid? -✓✓
• What do double bonds cause in fatty acids? -✓✓A kink in the chain.
• Triglyceride formation? -✓✓
• What are phospholipids? -✓✓Similar to triglycerides, but one of the fatty acid tails is
replaced by a phosphate group head.
• Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophillic and which part is hydrophobic? -✓✓The
phosphate group is hydrophillic and the fatty acid tail is hydrophobic.
• What are triglycerides mainly used for? -✓✓To store energy, they are effective at this
as the hydrocarbon tails contain a lot of energy. They are also insoluble so do not affect
the water potential of cells, preventing swelling.
• How much energy do lipids contain compared to carbohydrates? -✓✓Twice as much
energy per gram.
• Why do triglycerides bundle together in water? -✓✓The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
so face inwards, so are shielded by the glycerol heads.
• What role do phospholipids perform? -✓✓They make up the bilayer in cell membranes.
• Test for lipids? -✓✓The emulsion test: Shake substance with ethanol and pour into
water. A white emulsion forms if it is present.
• What are proteins made of? -✓✓Amino acids.
• What is the bond between amino acids called? -✓✓Peptide bond.
• Amino acid structure. -✓✓Amino group, variable group, carboxyl group.
• What is a primary structure? -✓✓Polypeptide chain.
• What is a secondary structure? -✓✓Chain twists into alpha helix or folds in beta
pleated sheet.
, • What is a tertiary structure? -✓✓Chain coils further, forming hydrogen bonds, ionic
bonds and disulphide bridges.
• When do disulphide bridges form? -✓✓When the sulphur atoms on the amino acid
cysteine form sulphur bonds.
• What is a Quaternary structure> -✓✓Like tertiary, but made of several chains.
• Test for protein? -✓✓Biuret test. Add a few drops of Sodium Hydroxide, then add
copper sulphate. Purple positive. Blue negative.
• What is formed when catalysts join to substrates? -✓✓Enzyme-substrate complex.
• What does DNA stand for? -✓✓Deoxyribonucleic acid.
• What does RNA stand for? -✓✓Ribonucleic acid.
• Nucleotide structure. -✓✓
• What is the monomer of DNA and RNA? -✓✓Nucleotides. The polymer is called
Polynucleotide strands.
• What are the sides of DNA and RNA called? -✓✓Sugar-phosphate backbone.
• What is the name for the bond between the pentose sugar and phosphate group of
nucleotides? -✓✓Phosphodiester bond.
• Why can a lot of genetic information fit in the nucleus? -✓✓DNA molecules are long
and coiled tightly.
• What are the base pairings? -✓✓Adenine - thymine (two bonds)
Cytosine- Guanine (three bonds)
• How are bases in DNA joined? -✓✓Hydrogen bonds.
• How are the polynucleotide strands in DNA arranged? -✓✓They are antiparallel. One
runs from 3' to 5' and the other 5' to 3'.
• What did scientists originally think carried genetic information? -✓✓Proteins. They
thought DNA was too simple.
• How does DNA replicate? -✓✓Semi-conservatively. One original strand goes to each
new cell.
