PSYC 450 CHAPTER 1-2 QUIZZES QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

PSYC 450 CHAPTER 1-2 QUIZZES QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Sam's kickboxing gym gives current members a credit for one month's membership fees for every two new members they refer to the gym. To date, Sam has earned three months of credit on his athletic club fees. They gym then discontinues the membership credit program and Sam's referrals quickly decline to zero. This change in Sam's behavior is most likely due to a. omission b. punishment c. extinction d. avoidance - Answers c. extinction Which example illustrates spontaneous recovery? a. Steven is given the opportunity to take a make-up quiz because he notified his teacher in advance of his impending absence b. Sarah decides to take a different route to class to avoid smelling freshly baked bread c. jesse attempts a new style of painting when his previous attempts fail to produce desired results d. paul tries to log onto a computer that was not working the day before - Answers d. paul tries to log onto a computer that was not working the day before punishment is a procedure in which ______ every time the subject performs a particular behavior a. a desirable event occurs b. a desirable outcome is removed c. an aversive event occurs d. an aversive stimulus is removed - Answers c. an aversive event occurs The concept of fitness means that compared to the less successful members of a species, the more successful members are a. likely to live longer b. bigger, faster, or stronger c. more likely to have offspring that reproduce d. more similar to each other - Answers c. more likely to have offspring that reproduce when an animal or human experiences a taste or odor that is associated with illness, they learn to avoid contact with that taste or odor in the future. This conditioning procedure is referred to as a. conditioned compensatory responding b. sign tracking c. fear conditioning d. taste aversion learning - Answers d. taste aversion learning shaping is a procedure used in ____ conditioning to gradually _____ a. classical; modify how the S is presented over trials b. instrumental; change in the amount, frequency, or kind of response produced c. classical; increase the intensity of outcome d. instrumental; change the amount, frequency, or time of delivery of outcome - Answers b. instrumental; change in the amount, frequency, or kind of response produced which term does not belong with the others? a. experience b. ethology c. fitness d. innate - Answers a. experience which of the following studies would not be conducted by ethologists? a. a field experiment to study natural behaviors b. a comparison of the natural behaviors of related species c. a comparison of the fossil records of related species d. a study to evaluate the benefit or survival value of innate behaviors - Answers c. a comparison of the fossil records of related species classical and instrumental learning occur most readily when a. the time between R-O or S-O is short b. the size or intensity of the O is small, reducing the impact of competing O responses c. the time between R-O or S-O is long d. the size or intensity of the O is small, because large Os produce competing responses - Answers a. the time between R-O or S-O is short which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? a. a trainer pairs a clicker sound with a food treat b. a judge reduces a fine by $25 for every hour of community service performed c. a puppy no longer cries during the night after being in new home for 2 weeks d. a student receives $10 for every A on her report card, $5 for B, and $2 for every c - Answers d. a student receives $10 for every A on her report card, $5 for B, and $2 for every c Travis drinks several beers in the dame bar every weekend without consequence. One saturday he sees some friends in the bar as he walks by. He stops to say "hello" but does not have a beer. As he is about to leave, begins to feel nauseated and has had a headache as if he had a hangover. Travis could be experiencing a. negative taste aversion learning b. conditioned taste aversion learning c. conditioned compensatory responding d. positive sign tracking - Answers c. conditioned compensatory responding the issue of preparedness in learning is connected to a. whether we use classical or instrumental procedures to achieve learning b. whether the selected behavior tends to be easy or hard to learn based on the organism's evolutionary predisposition c. the age at which we attempt to train animal or human d. particular size, type, frequency, duration, and training of the O that will be used in the conditioning procedure - Answers b. whether the selected behavior tends to be easy or hard to learn based on the organism's evolutionary predisposition following a behavior with a desirable event would be called _____ procedure a. escape b. positive reinforcement c. law of effect d. omission - Answers b. positive reinforcement avoidance is said to occur when a subject a. engages in behavior and does not receive any outcome b. experiences an aversive event and then engages in behavior that removes that event c. engages in behavior and is presented with an aversive event d. responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring - Answers d. responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring whether or not a behavior is innate can be difficult to establish because a. all behaviors are susceptible to reinforcement and punishment b. all members of a species may engage in the behavior because of learning c. innate behaviors are not modifiable d. only fixed action patterns are innate - Answers b. all members of a species may engage in the behavior because of learning which of the following is an example of habituation a. increased sensitivity to tornado after first hand experience b. better enjoyment of perfume or cologne shortly after using c. reduced sensitivity to startle when the end of class bell rings d. increased tendency to become anxious around dogs after being bitten by one - Answers c. reduced sensitivity to startle when the end of class bell rings escape is said to occur when a subject a. experiences an aversive event and engages in behavior that removes this event b. engages in behavior and is presented with an aversive event c. engages in behavior and does not experience any outcome d. responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents aversive event from occurring - Answers a. experiences an aversive event and engages in behavior that removes this event fixed action patterns occur when a. habituation has taken place b. sign stimuli are presented c. classically conditioned stimuli are presented d. behavior has been reinforced consistently - Answers b. sign stimuli are presented when Sasha gets ready to walk her puppy, the puppy sometimes resists the leash by squirming. In response to this behavior, Sasha stops what she is doing and ignores the puppy. Sasha is using the procedure of _____ to reduce dogs tendency to misbehave a. punishment b. avoidance c. omission d. escape - Answers c. omission which statement best describes habituation a. habituation occurs in all animal species b. habituation occurs with simple intense stimuli but not complex stimuli c. habituation only occurs with extensive instrumental practice d. habituation is a simple form of associative learning - Answers a. habituation occurs in all animal species which of the following is not a reason that animals are used in research models a. using animals as research models allows researchers to compare the importance of language in humans b. fundamental, general learning processes occur in a vast array of species c. the experiences and genetics of animals can be controlled d. with animals, researchers can use invasive, aversive, or enduring events as consequences - Answers a. using animals as research models allows researchers to compare the importance of language in humans a therapist tells a client that all troubling thoughts and feelings are learned and that they can therefore be overcome with appropriate contingencies in the client's environment. This therapist is a. rationalist b. empiricist c. dualist d. atomist - Answers b. empiricist according to BF Skinner behavioral perspective, learning can be best understood by studying a. the antecedents and consequences of behavior b. the effects of intervening variables on behavior c. self-reports obtained from acutely introspective individuals d. directly observable and measurable behaviors - Answers a. the antecedents and consequences of behavior which term could not be used to describe classical conditioning