NSG 3280 - EXAM 3 (NEURO) QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS (100% GRADE A+) LATEST UPDATED

NSG 3280 - EXAM 3 (NEURO) QUESTIONS &
CORRECT ANSWERS (100% GRADE A+)
LATEST UPDATED 2026\2027
Whatghappensgtognervegtissuegduringgischemia?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Nervegtissuegstrugglesgwithganaerobicgmetabolismgandgisgverygsensitivegtogdecreasedgoxygen.



Whatgisgischemia?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-Cellgdeath.



Whatgisghypoxia?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Decreasedgoxygengleadinggtogmitochondrialgfailuregandgcellgdamage.



WhatgisgthegmaingCNSgneurotransmitter?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-Glutamate.



Whatgeffectgdoesgischemiaghavegongglutamate?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Ischemiagincreasesgglutamategrelease.



Whatgaregthegeffectsgofgtoogmuchgglutamate?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Increasedgcalciumgandgwatergentergthegcell,gcausinggcalciumgoverloadgandgcytotoxicgedema.



Whatgdoesgexcessivegglutamategproductiongleadgto?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Increasedgproductiongofgnitrousgoxide,gfreegradicalgformation,gandgcellgdeath.



Whatgisgthegnormalgrangegforgintracranialgpressureg(ICP)?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-0-15gmmHg



AtgwhatgICPglevelgdoesgbraingimpairmentgoccur?g-gCORRECTgANSWER->g22gmmHggforg>g5gminutes



WhatgaregthegthreegmaingcomponentsgofgthegcranialgcavitygaccordinggtogthegMonroe-Kelliegdoctrine?g-
gCORRECTgANSWER-Brain,gCerebrospinalgFluidg(CSF),gBlood

,Whatgisgintracranialgcompliance?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
ThegabilitygofgthegcranialgcomponentsgtogadjustgtogchangesgingvolumegtogminimizegimpactgongICP.



NamegangeverydaygactivitygthatgcangcausegslightgchangesgingICP.g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Sneeze,gcough,gbending,glaugh



Whatgisginterstitialgedema?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Swellinggcausedgbygfluid,gelectrolytes,gandgproteinsgforcedgintogthegintercellulargspacegduegtogvesselgdama
gegorgincreasedgpressure.



Whatgcausesgintracellulargedema?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
GlobalgischemiagleadinggtogcellulargenergygfailuregandgNa+gaccumulation,gattractinggwatergintogthegcell.



WhatgisgthegmostgsensitivegclinicalgmanifestationgofgincreasedgICP?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Changeginglevelgofgconsciousnessg(LOC),goftengincreasedgdrowsiness.



WhatgaregcommongsymptomsgofgincreasedgICP?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Headache,gnausea/vomiting,gblurredgvision,gslowgpupillarygresponse.



WhatgisgCushing'sgTriad?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
AglategsigngofgincreasedgICPgcharacterizedgbyg↑BP,g↓HR,gandgrespiratorygchanges.



WhatgdoesgagdecreasegingthegGlasgowgComagScaleg(GCS)gscoregindicate?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Agpotentialgdecreasegingconsciousnessgorgbraingfunction.



WhatgisgthegmaximumgscoregforgeyegopeninggongthegGlasgowgComagScale?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
4gforgspontaneousgeyegopening.



WhatgisgthegmaximumgscoregforgverbalgresponsegongthegGlasgowgComagScale?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
5gforgorientedgverbalgresponse.



WhatgisgthegmaximumgscoregforgmotorgresponsegongthegGlasgowgComagScale?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
6gforgfollowinggcommands.

,Whatgdoesgdecreasedgpupilgresponsegindicate?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-Increasedgintracranialgpressureg(ICP).



WhatgisgthegnormalgresponsegingthegDoll'sgEyesgTest?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Eyesgmovegingthegoppositegdirectiongofgheadgmovement.



WhatgdoesgangabsentgresponsegingthegColdgCaloricsgtestgindicate?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Nogeyegmovement,gsuggestinggpotentialgbraingdysfunction.



Whatgisgthegnormalgresponsegofgthegcornealgreflex?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Blinkinggwhengagcottongswabgtouchesgthegcornea.



Whatgdoesgfixedgandgdilatedgpupilsgindicate?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-Poorgbraingperfusion.



Whatgdoesgsmallg(pinpoint)gpupilsgsuggest?g-gCORRECTgANSWER-Possiblegponsgissuegorgdruggeffects.



Focalg(Coup)g-gCORRECTgANSWER-Injuryglocalizedgtogthegsitegofgimpact



Polarg(Coup-countercoup)g-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Injurygatgsitegofgimpactgandgongoppositegsidegofgthegbraing(duegtogbrain'sgforward-
backwardgmovementgwithingthegskull)



Diffuseg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Widespreadgdamagegofgthegbrain



Multiplegmovementsgofgbraingwithingthegskullg-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Resultsgingshiftinggandgrotationalgforcesgcausesgstretchinggandgshearinggofgwhitegmatter



Primarygvsgsecondaryginjuryg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Primaryg-goriginalginjury;gSecondaryg-
gcomplicationsgthatgformgduegtogthegbodiesgresponsegtogthegprimaryginjury




Examplesgofgsecondaryginjuryg-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Cerebralgedema,gvesselgrebleedgorgspasm,gCSFgblockage,gseizures

, EpiduralgHematomag-gCORRECTgANSWER-Location:gbetweenginnergskullgandgduragmater



SubduralgHematomag-gCORRECTgANSWER-Location:gbetweengduragandgoutergarachnoidgmembrane



Subarachnoidghemorrhageg-gCORRECTgANSWER-
Location:gBetweengoutergarachnoidgmembranegandgpiagmater



ThromboticgStrokeg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Clotgformsgatgthegsitegofgatheroscleroticgplaque.



EmbolicgStrokeg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Clotgorgplaquegtravelsgtogthegbrain.



IrreversiblegDamageg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Beginsgaftergjustgseveralgminutes.



SymptomsgOnsetg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Startgtogshowgaftergaboutg1gminute.



InfarctiongandgNecrosisg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Happengaftergagfewghours.



Penumbrag-gCORRECTgANSWER-Areagaroundgnecrosisgthat'sgstillgviablegduegtogcollateralgcirculation.



LacunargInfarctsg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Occlusionsgofgarterioles.



CausesgofgLacunargInfarctsg-gCORRECTgANSWER-OftengduegtogHTNgorgdiabetes.



RiskgFactor:gAtherosclerosisg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Plaquegingarteries.



RiskgFactor:gCarotidgStenosisg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Narrowedgcarotidgarteriesgduegtogplaque.



RiskgFactor:gHTNg-gCORRECTgANSWER-Hypertension.