KNS 350 Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL Questions And Correct Answers
C
Terms in this set (82)
Type 1 Diabetes deficiency in the production of insulin
Type 2 Diabetes the inability of insulin to transport glucose from the blood to other into other
tissues
Role of insulin in T1D vs T2D when blood glucose increase, insulin increases to help pull glucose into the liver,
adipose tissue, and muscle tissue
t1 - insulin dependent
t2 - non-insulin dependent
glucose tolerance test detects elevated glucose. involves ingesting glucose drink and monitoring levels
for 2 hours. positive test shows elevated glucose, meaning inadequate insulin
response or insulin insensitivity limitations include can be influenced by pre-exam
diet
home glucose monitoring test observe glucose levels across a week. positive test shows elevated glucose.
involves finger pricking.
HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) test measures binding of glucose to hemoglobin. most accurate, completed via blood
draw. Indicates blood glucose from previous 2-3 months.
continuous glucose monitoring test a device that automatically estimates glucose levels. measured through a tiny
sensor in skin. allows for monitoring of glucose over a long period of time.
C-Peptide Test low c-peptide = type 1 diabetes. indicates pancreas is producing little to no insulin.
high c-peptide = type 2 diabetes. insulin is being produced - but there is high
insulin resistance / low insulin sensitivity
ketone testing measures the level of ketones in blood or urine. primarily used for T1D. High
ketones = type 1 possibly. this can indicate that the body is breaking down fats and
proteins rather than glucose for energy. can also test for diabetic ketoacidosis.
Prevalence of Diabetes Globally the world prevalence of diabetes among adults was estimated to be 8.8% in 2017
and was predicted to increase to 9.9% by 2045.
2017 - 15th ranks leading cause of death.
2040 - forecasted to be 7th leading cause of death globally.
Prevalence of T2D 90-95% of diabetes cases are considered to be T2D. in 2017, the global burden of
disease study attributed 1 million deaths to T2D alone.
, USA vs Global T2D rankings risk reduction in T2D associated with 150-300 min per week of moderate-to-
vigorous physical activity is about 25-35%. this is a significant reduction.
Weakening dose response at very high volumes of PA
Nurses' Health Study (diabetes) combined, obesity and PI results in significantly greater risk for developing T2D.
Considered separately, both appear to be independent risk factors of T2D.
Obesity appears to be a greater independent risk factor for T2D.
ACLS (diabetes) fitness level and diabetes risk: higher fitness associated with lower risk of T2D.
weight and diabetes risk: lower BMI associated with lower risk of T2D. Joint effects
of fitness and weight: greatest risk of T2D for those who were unfit and obese.
US Diabetes Prevention Program lifestyle interventions targeting weight loss through diet and exercise proved
more effective than metformin treatment alone. showcased the power of non-
pharmacological approaches in diabetes prevention.
temporal sequence (diabetes) yes - overtime, a growing number of prospective cohort studies and RCT's have
surfaced. These have ranged from 4-16 years and agree that PA can reduce risk of
T2D.
Strength of Association (diabetes) yes - regular participation in MVPA has been reported to show up to 30%
reduction in risk for T2D across prospective cohort studies. Lifestyle interventions
show improvements in glucose tolerance upwards of 10%.
Consistency of Results (diabetes) yes - this evidence has been observed in males / females as well as racial / ethnic
groups. there is also general agreement that these results are observed across
age groups, particularly middle and older ages.
dose - response (diabetes) yes - greater frequency of participation in vigorous physical activity provides
greater risk reduction against T2D (linear). The scientific committee concluded that
more time spent in MVPA = lower risk from T2D (curvilinear)
Scientific Advisory Committee Findings risk reduction in T2D associated with 150-300 min per week of moderate-to-
vigorous physical activity is about 25-35%. this is a significant reduction.
Weakening dose response at very high volumes of PA
what is BMI? a ratio of weight to height
why do epi studies use BMI? feasibility - able to identify individuals who may be overweight or obese pretty
well.
low-cost - it is easy to calculate and does not have cost
associated with chronic disease
limitations of using BMI cannot distinguish between fat/ lean mass, which may misclassify certain
populations
prevalence of obesity in the US vs the world does not stack up well against other countries
C
Terms in this set (82)
Type 1 Diabetes deficiency in the production of insulin
Type 2 Diabetes the inability of insulin to transport glucose from the blood to other into other
tissues
Role of insulin in T1D vs T2D when blood glucose increase, insulin increases to help pull glucose into the liver,
adipose tissue, and muscle tissue
t1 - insulin dependent
t2 - non-insulin dependent
glucose tolerance test detects elevated glucose. involves ingesting glucose drink and monitoring levels
for 2 hours. positive test shows elevated glucose, meaning inadequate insulin
response or insulin insensitivity limitations include can be influenced by pre-exam
diet
home glucose monitoring test observe glucose levels across a week. positive test shows elevated glucose.
involves finger pricking.
HbA1c (Glycosylated Hemoglobin) test measures binding of glucose to hemoglobin. most accurate, completed via blood
draw. Indicates blood glucose from previous 2-3 months.
continuous glucose monitoring test a device that automatically estimates glucose levels. measured through a tiny
sensor in skin. allows for monitoring of glucose over a long period of time.
C-Peptide Test low c-peptide = type 1 diabetes. indicates pancreas is producing little to no insulin.
high c-peptide = type 2 diabetes. insulin is being produced - but there is high
insulin resistance / low insulin sensitivity
ketone testing measures the level of ketones in blood or urine. primarily used for T1D. High
ketones = type 1 possibly. this can indicate that the body is breaking down fats and
proteins rather than glucose for energy. can also test for diabetic ketoacidosis.
Prevalence of Diabetes Globally the world prevalence of diabetes among adults was estimated to be 8.8% in 2017
and was predicted to increase to 9.9% by 2045.
2017 - 15th ranks leading cause of death.
2040 - forecasted to be 7th leading cause of death globally.
Prevalence of T2D 90-95% of diabetes cases are considered to be T2D. in 2017, the global burden of
disease study attributed 1 million deaths to T2D alone.
, USA vs Global T2D rankings risk reduction in T2D associated with 150-300 min per week of moderate-to-
vigorous physical activity is about 25-35%. this is a significant reduction.
Weakening dose response at very high volumes of PA
Nurses' Health Study (diabetes) combined, obesity and PI results in significantly greater risk for developing T2D.
Considered separately, both appear to be independent risk factors of T2D.
Obesity appears to be a greater independent risk factor for T2D.
ACLS (diabetes) fitness level and diabetes risk: higher fitness associated with lower risk of T2D.
weight and diabetes risk: lower BMI associated with lower risk of T2D. Joint effects
of fitness and weight: greatest risk of T2D for those who were unfit and obese.
US Diabetes Prevention Program lifestyle interventions targeting weight loss through diet and exercise proved
more effective than metformin treatment alone. showcased the power of non-
pharmacological approaches in diabetes prevention.
temporal sequence (diabetes) yes - overtime, a growing number of prospective cohort studies and RCT's have
surfaced. These have ranged from 4-16 years and agree that PA can reduce risk of
T2D.
Strength of Association (diabetes) yes - regular participation in MVPA has been reported to show up to 30%
reduction in risk for T2D across prospective cohort studies. Lifestyle interventions
show improvements in glucose tolerance upwards of 10%.
Consistency of Results (diabetes) yes - this evidence has been observed in males / females as well as racial / ethnic
groups. there is also general agreement that these results are observed across
age groups, particularly middle and older ages.
dose - response (diabetes) yes - greater frequency of participation in vigorous physical activity provides
greater risk reduction against T2D (linear). The scientific committee concluded that
more time spent in MVPA = lower risk from T2D (curvilinear)
Scientific Advisory Committee Findings risk reduction in T2D associated with 150-300 min per week of moderate-to-
vigorous physical activity is about 25-35%. this is a significant reduction.
Weakening dose response at very high volumes of PA
what is BMI? a ratio of weight to height
why do epi studies use BMI? feasibility - able to identify individuals who may be overweight or obese pretty
well.
low-cost - it is easy to calculate and does not have cost
associated with chronic disease
limitations of using BMI cannot distinguish between fat/ lean mass, which may misclassify certain
populations
prevalence of obesity in the US vs the world does not stack up well against other countries
