NSG 3850 EXAM 1 PATHO 2 2026 LATEST UPDATE ,A
MASTERPIECE WITH QUESTIONS AND RATIONALES -
WELL EXPLAINED AND PRECISE
Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated
with
a. hyponatremia.
b. hypocalcemia.
c. hypophosphatemia.
d. hypokalemia. C. Hypophosphatemia
The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adult males is
a. three-fourths.
b. two-thirds.
c. one-half.
d. one-third. b. two-thirds.
What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?
a. Infants
b. Adolescents
c. Young adults
d. Older adults a. Infants
Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by
a. excess proteins.
b. renal damage.
c. deficiency of ATP.
d. hypocalcemia. c. deficiency of ATP.
,A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop
a. hypokalemia.
b. hyperkalemia.
c. hypophosphatemia.
d. hyperphosphatemia. C. Hypophosphatemia
The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is -
ions.
a. sodium
b. phosphate
c. magnesium
d. potassium a. sodium
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop
a. hypokalemia.
b. hyperkalemia.
c. hypocalcemia.
d. hypercalcemia. d. Hypercalcemia
The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called - pressure.
a. capillary hydrostatic
b. interstitial osmotic
c. capillary osmotic
d. interstitial hydrostatic c. capillary osmotic
How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema?
a. Through altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which
enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment
b. By causing movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular
compartment, which leads to cell swelling
,c. Through leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
d. By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in
excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure d. By allowing plasma proteins to leak
into the interstitial fluid, which draws in
excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
Which alteration can lead to edema?
a. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
b. Increased capillary colloid osmotic pressure
c. Decreased lymphatic flow
d. Decreased capillary membrane permeability c. Decreased lymphatic flow
The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is
a. filtration.
b. osmosis.
c. active transport.
d. diffusion. b. osmosis
Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?
a. Hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia
b. Hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia
c. Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
d. Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia c. Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause - concentration.
a. increased serum sodium
b. decreased serum sodium
c. increased serum potassium
d. decreased serum potassium b. decreased serum sodium
, Causes of hypomagnesemia include
a. hyperphosphatemia.
b. chronic alcoholism.
c. oliguric renal failure.
d. clinical dehydration. b. chronic alcoholism
Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include
a. decreased urine output.
b. increased skin turgor.
c. increased blood pressure.
d. decreased heart rate. a. decreased urine output.
Hypernatremia may be caused by
a. decreased aldosterone secretion.
b. decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.
c. compulsive water drinking.
d. excessive dietary potassium. b. decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include
a. weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate.
b. thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea.
c. confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures.
d. cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness. c. confusion, lethargy, coma, and
perhaps seizures.
Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include
a. weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate.
b. thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea.
c. confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures.
MASTERPIECE WITH QUESTIONS AND RATIONALES -
WELL EXPLAINED AND PRECISE
Abnormalities in intracellular regulation of enzyme activity and cellular production of ATP are associated
with
a. hyponatremia.
b. hypocalcemia.
c. hypophosphatemia.
d. hypokalemia. C. Hypophosphatemia
The fraction of total body water (TBW) volume contained in the intracellular space in adult males is
a. three-fourths.
b. two-thirds.
c. one-half.
d. one-third. b. two-thirds.
What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid?
a. Infants
b. Adolescents
c. Young adults
d. Older adults a. Infants
Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by
a. excess proteins.
b. renal damage.
c. deficiency of ATP.
d. hypocalcemia. c. deficiency of ATP.
,A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop
a. hypokalemia.
b. hyperkalemia.
c. hypophosphatemia.
d. hyperphosphatemia. C. Hypophosphatemia
The electrolyte that has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid is -
ions.
a. sodium
b. phosphate
c. magnesium
d. potassium a. sodium
A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop
a. hypokalemia.
b. hyperkalemia.
c. hypocalcemia.
d. hypercalcemia. d. Hypercalcemia
The inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid is called - pressure.
a. capillary hydrostatic
b. interstitial osmotic
c. capillary osmotic
d. interstitial hydrostatic c. capillary osmotic
How do clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema?
a. Through altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which
enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment
b. By causing movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular
compartment, which leads to cell swelling
,c. Through leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
d. By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in
excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure d. By allowing plasma proteins to leak
into the interstitial fluid, which draws in
excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
Which alteration can lead to edema?
a. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
b. Increased capillary colloid osmotic pressure
c. Decreased lymphatic flow
d. Decreased capillary membrane permeability c. Decreased lymphatic flow
The process responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments is
a. filtration.
b. osmosis.
c. active transport.
d. diffusion. b. osmosis
Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability?
a. Hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia
b. Hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia
c. Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
d. Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia c. Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia
Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause - concentration.
a. increased serum sodium
b. decreased serum sodium
c. increased serum potassium
d. decreased serum potassium b. decreased serum sodium
, Causes of hypomagnesemia include
a. hyperphosphatemia.
b. chronic alcoholism.
c. oliguric renal failure.
d. clinical dehydration. b. chronic alcoholism
Signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration include
a. decreased urine output.
b. increased skin turgor.
c. increased blood pressure.
d. decreased heart rate. a. decreased urine output.
Hypernatremia may be caused by
a. decreased aldosterone secretion.
b. decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.
c. compulsive water drinking.
d. excessive dietary potassium. b. decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include
a. weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate.
b. thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea.
c. confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures.
d. cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness. c. confusion, lethargy, coma, and
perhaps seizures.
Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include
a. weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate.
b. thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea.
c. confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures.
