,
, Contents
Contents
PREFACE (2ND EDITION) 1 4. The relationship between
List of special contributors ............... 2 community work and the other
social work methods ................ 34
PART 1 3 5. The nature of community
THE THEORY OF COMMUNITY development .......................... 36
WORK .................................... 3 5.1 Community development as a
natural process ........................... 37
CHAPTER 1 5 5.2 Community development as a form
of intervention ........................... 39
COMMUNITY WORK: AN OVERVIEW 5 5.3 Defining the concept 'community
development' ............................. 39
1. Introduction ............................ 7 5.4 The purpose, goals and objectives of
2. The origins of current community development ............... 41
community work thought ............ 8 5.4.1 Goals pertaining to the economic cycle .. 41
5.4.2 Goals pertaining to the psychosocial
2.1 The origins of community cycle ........................................... 42
development thought ................... 11 5.4.3 Goals pertaining to the bio-
2.1.1 Macro level ................................... 11 physiological cycle ........................... 42
2.1.2 Mezzo level ................................... 12 5.4.4 Goals pertaining to the technological
2.1.3 Micro level .................................... 12 cycle ........................................... 43
5.4.5 Goals pertaining to the spiritual-
2.2 The origins of social planning
cultural cycle ................................. 43
thought .................................... 13
5.4.6 Goals pertaining to the political cycle ... 44
2.2.1 Macro level ................................... 13
5.4.7 Goals pertaining to the environmental
2.2.2 Mezzo/micro levels ......................... 14 cycle ........................................... 45
2.3 The origins of community education 5.4.8 Goals pertaining to the educational
thought .................................... 15 cycle ........................................... 45
2.3.1 Macro level ................................... 15 5.5 Change agents in community
2.3.2 Mezzo level ................................... 15 development ............................. 46
2.3.3 Micro level .................................... 15
6. The relationship between
2.4 The origins of social marketing
community work and
thought .................................... 16
community development ........... 47
2.5 The origins of social action thought .. 17
2.5.1 Macro level ................................... 17
CHAPTER 2 53
2.5.2 Mezzo level ................................... 17
3. The nature of community work ... 19 THE COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY
3.1 Some core theories, perspectives WORK 53
and models ................................ 19 1. Introduction ........................... 55
3.1.1 The ecosystems perspective ............... 20
3.1.2 The practice models ........................ 21 2. Component 1: The community .... 55
3.1.3 The strengths perspective ................. 23 2.1 The concept 'community' .............. 55
3.2 Social work’s domain of practice ...... 25 2.1.1 The social dimension of a community .. 56
3.3 Social work methods .................... 27 2.1.2 The spatial dimension of a
community ................................... 56
3.4 Defining community work .............. 27 2.1.3 The functional dimension of a
3.5 The purpose, goals and objectives of community ................................... 56
community work ......................... 29 2.1.4 The cultural-symbolic dimension of a
community ................................... 57
3.5.1 The vision and mission of community
work ........................................... 30 2.2 The practical demarcation of
3.5.2 The purpose of community work .......... 31 communities ............................. 57
3.5.3 The goals of community work ............. 31 2.2.1 The 'contextual' community .............. 57
3.5.4 The objectives of community work ....... 34 2.2.2 Geo-spatial communities .................. 60
, Contents
2.2.3 Geo-social communities .................. 60 CHAPTER 3 87
2.2.4 Geo-functional communities ............. 61
2.2.5 Other types of community
demarcations ................................ 61
THE COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS 87
2.3 Community change ..................... 61 1. Introduction ........................... 89
2.3.1 Causes of community change ............ 61 2. A general framework of the
2.3.2 Reactions to community change ........ 62
community work process ........... 89
3. Component 2: The practitioner ... 64 3. Step 1: Do a situation-analysis .... 91
3.1 Some knowledge requirements ...... 64
3.1 Task 1: Analyse the context .......... 91
3.2 Some attitudinal requirements ...... 65
3.2 Task 2: Analyse the expectations ... 93
3.2.1 Principle 1: You should do
community work ............................ 66 3.3 Task 3: Compare findings with the
3.2.2 Principle 2: You should be objective .. 66 practice models ......................... 95
3.2.3 Principle 3: You should do no harm .... 68 4. Step 2: Identify and analyse
3.2.4 Principle 4: You should treat people the impediments ..................... 96
with dignity .................................. 68
3.2.5 Principle 5: You should build on the 4.1 Task 1: Identify the impediments
community’s strengths .................... 68 that should receive attention ........ 97
3.2.6 Principle 6: You should empower 4.2 Task 2: Define, analyse and
people ........................................ 68 prioritise the impediments ........... 99
3.2.7 Principle 7: You should be a change
agent .......................................... 69 4.3 Task 3: Do a preliminary feasibility
3.2.8 Principle 8: You should be study ...................................... 102
accountable ................................. 70
5. Step 3: Formulate a plan of
3.2.9 Principle 9: You should lend a vision
to others ..................................... 71
action ................................. 103
3.3 Some skills requirements .............. 71 5.1 Task 1: Verify and operationalise
the practice model(s) ................. 104
3.3.1 Overview of the eight habits of
highly effective community workers ... 71 5.2 Task 2: Select the operational
3.3.2 Habit 1: They strive to understand elements of action .................... 105
their position within the greater
5.3 Task 3: Formulate a programme
scheme of things ........................... 72
and projects ............................ 107
3.3.3 Habit 2: They continually empower
themselves ................................... 73 5.3.1 Design principles for community
work programmes: the programme
3.3.4 Habit 3: They spend time on self- logic model example ..................... 108
renewal ....................................... 73
5.3.2 A typology of community work
3.3.5 Habit 4: They first seek the moral programmes and projects that could
support of their employer and be undertaken ............................. 114
colleagues .................................... 74
5.3.3 Types of communication
3.3.6 Habit 5: They build and utilize opportunities or media that could be
partnerships/coalitions ................... 74 utilised ...................................... 122
3.3.7 Habit 6: They use management and
planning as empowerment tools ........ 75 6. Step 4: Implement the plan of
3.3.8 Habit 7: They activate the push of action ................................. 128
discomfort and the pull of hope in
others ......................................... 75 6.1 Task 1: Legitimise the plan .......... 128
3.3.9 Habit 8: They instil an internal locus 6.2 Task 2: Implement the plan ......... 129
of control in others ........................ 76
6.3 Task 3: Execute change inducing
4. Component 3: The contexts ........ 77 acts ....................................... 129
6.3.1 Community work roles ................... 129
4.1 The employer organisation/change
agent system ............................. 77 6.3.2 Community work techniques ........... 134
4.2 Macro socio-economic factors ........ 78 7. Step 5: Evaluate the process
4.3 Political factors: some elements of and results, and sustain change . 143
the South African government's 7.1 Task 1: Evaluate the process ....... 143
policy ...................................... 82 7.2 Task 2: Evaluate the results ........ 144
7.3 Task 3: Sustain change............... 145
, Contents
Contents
PREFACE (2ND EDITION) 1 4. The relationship between
List of special contributors ............... 2 community work and the other
social work methods ................ 34
PART 1 3 5. The nature of community
THE THEORY OF COMMUNITY development .......................... 36
WORK .................................... 3 5.1 Community development as a
natural process ........................... 37
CHAPTER 1 5 5.2 Community development as a form
of intervention ........................... 39
COMMUNITY WORK: AN OVERVIEW 5 5.3 Defining the concept 'community
development' ............................. 39
1. Introduction ............................ 7 5.4 The purpose, goals and objectives of
2. The origins of current community development ............... 41
community work thought ............ 8 5.4.1 Goals pertaining to the economic cycle .. 41
5.4.2 Goals pertaining to the psychosocial
2.1 The origins of community cycle ........................................... 42
development thought ................... 11 5.4.3 Goals pertaining to the bio-
2.1.1 Macro level ................................... 11 physiological cycle ........................... 42
2.1.2 Mezzo level ................................... 12 5.4.4 Goals pertaining to the technological
2.1.3 Micro level .................................... 12 cycle ........................................... 43
5.4.5 Goals pertaining to the spiritual-
2.2 The origins of social planning
cultural cycle ................................. 43
thought .................................... 13
5.4.6 Goals pertaining to the political cycle ... 44
2.2.1 Macro level ................................... 13
5.4.7 Goals pertaining to the environmental
2.2.2 Mezzo/micro levels ......................... 14 cycle ........................................... 45
2.3 The origins of community education 5.4.8 Goals pertaining to the educational
thought .................................... 15 cycle ........................................... 45
2.3.1 Macro level ................................... 15 5.5 Change agents in community
2.3.2 Mezzo level ................................... 15 development ............................. 46
2.3.3 Micro level .................................... 15
6. The relationship between
2.4 The origins of social marketing
community work and
thought .................................... 16
community development ........... 47
2.5 The origins of social action thought .. 17
2.5.1 Macro level ................................... 17
CHAPTER 2 53
2.5.2 Mezzo level ................................... 17
3. The nature of community work ... 19 THE COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY
3.1 Some core theories, perspectives WORK 53
and models ................................ 19 1. Introduction ........................... 55
3.1.1 The ecosystems perspective ............... 20
3.1.2 The practice models ........................ 21 2. Component 1: The community .... 55
3.1.3 The strengths perspective ................. 23 2.1 The concept 'community' .............. 55
3.2 Social work’s domain of practice ...... 25 2.1.1 The social dimension of a community .. 56
3.3 Social work methods .................... 27 2.1.2 The spatial dimension of a
community ................................... 56
3.4 Defining community work .............. 27 2.1.3 The functional dimension of a
3.5 The purpose, goals and objectives of community ................................... 56
community work ......................... 29 2.1.4 The cultural-symbolic dimension of a
community ................................... 57
3.5.1 The vision and mission of community
work ........................................... 30 2.2 The practical demarcation of
3.5.2 The purpose of community work .......... 31 communities ............................. 57
3.5.3 The goals of community work ............. 31 2.2.1 The 'contextual' community .............. 57
3.5.4 The objectives of community work ....... 34 2.2.2 Geo-spatial communities .................. 60
, Contents
2.2.3 Geo-social communities .................. 60 CHAPTER 3 87
2.2.4 Geo-functional communities ............. 61
2.2.5 Other types of community
demarcations ................................ 61
THE COMMUNITY WORK PROCESS 87
2.3 Community change ..................... 61 1. Introduction ........................... 89
2.3.1 Causes of community change ............ 61 2. A general framework of the
2.3.2 Reactions to community change ........ 62
community work process ........... 89
3. Component 2: The practitioner ... 64 3. Step 1: Do a situation-analysis .... 91
3.1 Some knowledge requirements ...... 64
3.1 Task 1: Analyse the context .......... 91
3.2 Some attitudinal requirements ...... 65
3.2 Task 2: Analyse the expectations ... 93
3.2.1 Principle 1: You should do
community work ............................ 66 3.3 Task 3: Compare findings with the
3.2.2 Principle 2: You should be objective .. 66 practice models ......................... 95
3.2.3 Principle 3: You should do no harm .... 68 4. Step 2: Identify and analyse
3.2.4 Principle 4: You should treat people the impediments ..................... 96
with dignity .................................. 68
3.2.5 Principle 5: You should build on the 4.1 Task 1: Identify the impediments
community’s strengths .................... 68 that should receive attention ........ 97
3.2.6 Principle 6: You should empower 4.2 Task 2: Define, analyse and
people ........................................ 68 prioritise the impediments ........... 99
3.2.7 Principle 7: You should be a change
agent .......................................... 69 4.3 Task 3: Do a preliminary feasibility
3.2.8 Principle 8: You should be study ...................................... 102
accountable ................................. 70
5. Step 3: Formulate a plan of
3.2.9 Principle 9: You should lend a vision
to others ..................................... 71
action ................................. 103
3.3 Some skills requirements .............. 71 5.1 Task 1: Verify and operationalise
the practice model(s) ................. 104
3.3.1 Overview of the eight habits of
highly effective community workers ... 71 5.2 Task 2: Select the operational
3.3.2 Habit 1: They strive to understand elements of action .................... 105
their position within the greater
5.3 Task 3: Formulate a programme
scheme of things ........................... 72
and projects ............................ 107
3.3.3 Habit 2: They continually empower
themselves ................................... 73 5.3.1 Design principles for community
work programmes: the programme
3.3.4 Habit 3: They spend time on self- logic model example ..................... 108
renewal ....................................... 73
5.3.2 A typology of community work
3.3.5 Habit 4: They first seek the moral programmes and projects that could
support of their employer and be undertaken ............................. 114
colleagues .................................... 74
5.3.3 Types of communication
3.3.6 Habit 5: They build and utilize opportunities or media that could be
partnerships/coalitions ................... 74 utilised ...................................... 122
3.3.7 Habit 6: They use management and
planning as empowerment tools ........ 75 6. Step 4: Implement the plan of
3.3.8 Habit 7: They activate the push of action ................................. 128
discomfort and the pull of hope in
others ......................................... 75 6.1 Task 1: Legitimise the plan .......... 128
3.3.9 Habit 8: They instil an internal locus 6.2 Task 2: Implement the plan ......... 129
of control in others ........................ 76
6.3 Task 3: Execute change inducing
4. Component 3: The contexts ........ 77 acts ....................................... 129
6.3.1 Community work roles ................... 129
4.1 The employer organisation/change
agent system ............................. 77 6.3.2 Community work techniques ........... 134
4.2 Macro socio-economic factors ........ 78 7. Step 5: Evaluate the process
4.3 Political factors: some elements of and results, and sustain change . 143
the South African government's 7.1 Task 1: Evaluate the process ....... 143
policy ...................................... 82 7.2 Task 2: Evaluate the results ........ 144
7.3 Task 3: Sustain change............... 145
