Updated RATED A+ | 2026
What is management?
The planning, organizing, leading, and controlling of human and other resources to achieve
organiza onal goals effec vely and efficiently.
Efficiency
A measure of how well or produc vely resources are used to achieve a goal.
Effec veness
A measure of the appropriateness of the goals an organiza on is pursuing and the degree to
which they are achieved.
Conceptual skills
The ability to analyze and diagnose a situa on and dis nguish between cause and effect.
Technical skills
The specific knowledge and techniques required to perform an organiza onal role.
Human skills
The ability to understand, alter, lead, and control the behavior of other individuals and groups.
What are the big five personality traits?
Extraversion, agreeableness, openness, nega ve affect, and conscien ousness.
Extraversion
Tendency to experience posi ve emo ons and moods and feel good about oneself and the rest
of the world.
Managers high in extraversion
Tend to be sociable, affec onate, outgoing, and friendly.
Managers low in extraversion
Tend to be less inclined toward social interac on and have a less posi ve outlook.
, Agreeableness
Tendency to get along well with others.
Managers high in agreeableness
Are likable, affec onate, and care about others.
Managers low in agreeableness
May be distrus)ul, unsympathe c, uncoopera ve, and antagonis c.
Nega ve affec vity
Tendency to experience nega ve emo ons and moods, feel distressed, and be cri cal of oneself
and others.
Conscien ousness
Tendency to be careful, scrupulous, and persevering
Managers high in conscien ousness
Organized and self-disciplined.
Managers low in conscien ousness
Lack direc on and self-discipline.
Openness to experience
Tendency to be original, have broad interests, be open to a wide range of s muli, be daring, and
take risks.
Internal Locus of Control
Tendency to locate responsibility for one's fate within oneself.
External Locus of Control
Tendency to locate responsibility for one's own fate in outside forces and to believe that one's
own behavior has li0le impact on outcomes.
Self Esteem
The degree to which people feel good about themselves and their capabili es.
Need for affilia on