TEST BANK FOR n n
McCance &Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic BasisforDiseaseinAdults and Children
n n n n n n n n n n n n
9th Edition by Julia Rogers
n n n n n
Chapter1-49 n
Chapter01:CellularBiology n n n
Rogers:McCance&Huether’sPathophysiology,9thEdition
n n n n n n
MULTIPLE CHOICE n
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
n n n n n n n n n
a. Cells can produce proteins. n n n
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. n n n n
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. n n n n n n
d. Cells can synthesize fats. n n n
ANS: C n
In metabolic absorption, all cells takein and usenutrients and othersubstances from their
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
absorption.
n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
2. Whereis most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C n
Thenucleus contains the nucleolus, asmall dense structurecomposed largelyof RNA, most of the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
n n n n n n n n n
Ribosomes’chieffunction istoprovidesites forcellularprotein synthesis.Lysosomes function as
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
the intracellular digestive system.
n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) byusingoxygen to remove
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
nhydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
n n n n n n n n
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B n
, Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove n n n n n n n n n n n n n
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidativereaction that produces H2O2, which is a
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and
n n n n n n n n n n n n
secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the cellular membrane.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
4. Which cell component is capableofcellular autodigestionwhen it is released duringcell injury?
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex n
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum n n
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D n
Thelysosomal membraneacts as aprotectiveshieldbetween thepowerful digestiveenzymes within
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventingtheir leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self- digestion. The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and removing toxic
n n n n n n n n n n n n
substances from the cell.
n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
n n n n n n n
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction n n n n n n
b. Secretion of cortisol n n
c. Increased retention of water n n n
d. Breakdown of fat n n
ANS: C n
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increasesin
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
heart rateand forceofcontraction. Increased cortisolsecretion isduetoACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
glucagon.
n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
n n n n n n n n n
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B n
, The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2)the S phase (S
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
=synthesis), duringwhich DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3)the G2 phase, during which
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
7. Whatorganic compound facilitatestransportation acrosscellmembranes byactingas
n n n n n n n n n n
nreceptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
n n n n n n n n n n
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C n
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,
n n n n n n n n n n n
and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell membranes together.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Proteases cause thebreakdown ofprotein. Carbohydrates areinvolved in cellular protection and
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
8. Understandingthe various steps of proteolytic cascades maybeuseful in designingdrug n n n n n n n n n n n n
ntherapy for which human diseases?
n n n n
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders n n n
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders n n n
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders n n n
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders n n n
ANS: B n
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug interventions. n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Dysregulationofproteases features prominentlyinmanyhumandiseases, including cancer,
n n n n n n n n n n n
autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and
n n n n n n n n n
endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
9. Whichstructureprevents water-soluble molecules fromenteringcells across the plasma
n n n n n n n n n n
nmembrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains n
b. Glycoprotein channels n
c. Membrane channel proteins n n
d. Lipid bilayer n
ANS: D n
, Thebilayer’sstructure accounts foroneof theessential functionsof theplasma membrane. It is
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the
n n n n n n n n n n n n
water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as
n n n n n n n n n n n n
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily.
n n n n n n n n n n n
Carbohydrate chains, glycoproteinchannels,and membranechannelproteinsdonotprevent n n n n n n n n n n
water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractoryperiod of the action potential. What
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
nresponse by the professor is best? n n n n n
a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
n n n n n n n n
b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
n n n n n n n n n n
c. Multiplestimuli can produce more rapid action potentials. n n n n n n n
d. Thehyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
n n n n n n n n n
ANS: B n
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
response from thecell. A stronger than normal impulsemaygenerate a response in the relative
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized state
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
11. Which form of cell communication is usedto within thecell itself and with other cells in direct
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
nphysical contact? n
a. Proteinchannel (gap junction) n n n
b. Plasma membrane-bound signalingmolecules n n n
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters n n n n
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands n n n n n
ANS: B n
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
n n n n n n n n n n n
that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, theyaffect receptor proteins
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are involved in binding processes.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
12. Whichmodeofchemical signalingusesblood to transportcommunication to cellssome
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ndistance away? n
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D n
McCance &Huether’s Pathophysiology The Biologic BasisforDiseaseinAdults and Children
n n n n n n n n n n n n
9th Edition by Julia Rogers
n n n n n
Chapter1-49 n
Chapter01:CellularBiology n n n
Rogers:McCance&Huether’sPathophysiology,9thEdition
n n n n n n
MULTIPLE CHOICE n
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
n n n n n n n n n
a. Cells can produce proteins. n n n
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. n n n n
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. n n n n n n
d. Cells can synthesize fats. n n n
ANS: C n
In metabolic absorption, all cells takein and usenutrients and othersubstances from their
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
absorption.
n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
2. Whereis most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
n n n n n n n n n n n n
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C n
Thenucleus contains the nucleolus, asmall dense structurecomposed largelyof RNA, most of the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
n n n n n n n n n
Ribosomes’chieffunction istoprovidesites forcellularprotein synthesis.Lysosomes function as
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
the intracellular digestive system.
n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) byusingoxygen to remove
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
nhydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
n n n n n n n n
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B n
, Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove n n n n n n n n n n n n n
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidativereaction that produces H2O2, which is a
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and
n n n n n n n n n n n n
secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the cellular membrane.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
4. Which cell component is capableofcellular autodigestionwhen it is released duringcell injury?
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex n
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum n n
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D n
Thelysosomal membraneacts as aprotectiveshieldbetween thepowerful digestiveenzymes within
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventingtheir leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self- digestion. The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and removing toxic
n n n n n n n n n n n n
substances from the cell.
n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
n n n n n n n
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction n n n n n n
b. Secretion of cortisol n n
c. Increased retention of water n n n
d. Breakdown of fat n n
ANS: C n
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increasesin
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
heart rateand forceofcontraction. Increased cortisolsecretion isduetoACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
glucagon.
n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
n n n n n n n n n
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B n
, The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2)the S phase (S
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
=synthesis), duringwhich DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3)the G2 phase, during which
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
7. Whatorganic compound facilitatestransportation acrosscellmembranes byactingas
n n n n n n n n n n
nreceptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
n n n n n n n n n n
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C n
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,
n n n n n n n n n n n
and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell membranes together.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Proteases cause thebreakdown ofprotein. Carbohydrates areinvolved in cellular protection and
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
8. Understandingthe various steps of proteolytic cascades maybeuseful in designingdrug n n n n n n n n n n n n
ntherapy for which human diseases?
n n n n
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders n n n
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders n n n
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders n n n
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders n n n
ANS: B n
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug interventions. n n n n n n n n n n n n n
Dysregulationofproteases features prominentlyinmanyhumandiseases, including cancer,
n n n n n n n n n n n
autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and
n n n n n n n n n
endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
9. Whichstructureprevents water-soluble molecules fromenteringcells across the plasma
n n n n n n n n n n
nmembrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains n
b. Glycoprotein channels n
c. Membrane channel proteins n n
d. Lipid bilayer n
ANS: D n
, Thebilayer’sstructure accounts foroneof theessential functionsof theplasma membrane. It is
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the
n n n n n n n n n n n n
water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as
n n n n n n n n n n n n
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily.
n n n n n n n n n n n
Carbohydrate chains, glycoproteinchannels,and membranechannelproteinsdonotprevent n n n n n n n n n n
water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractoryperiod of the action potential. What
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
nresponse by the professor is best? n n n n n
a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
n n n n n n n n
b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
n n n n n n n n n n
c. Multiplestimuli can produce more rapid action potentials. n n n n n n n
d. Thehyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
n n n n n n n n n
ANS: B n
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
response from thecell. A stronger than normal impulsemaygenerate a response in the relative
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized state
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response.
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
11. Which form of cell communication is usedto within thecell itself and with other cells in direct
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
nphysical contact? n
a. Proteinchannel (gap junction) n n n
b. Plasma membrane-bound signalingmolecules n n n
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters n n n n
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands n n n n n
ANS: B n
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
n n n n n n n n n n n
that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, theyaffect receptor proteins
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are involved in binding processes.
n n n n n n n n n n n n
DIF: CognitiveLevel: Remembering n n
12. Whichmodeofchemical signalingusesblood to transportcommunication to cellssome
n n n n n n n n n n n n
ndistance away? n
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D n
