NURS 6501 FINAL EXAMS 1 AND 2 2026
REVISION NOTES AND STRUCTURED
ADVANCED NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ Human chorionic gonadotropin is generally detected in some
pregnancy tests, and a positive result reflects pregnancy. What is the
purpose of this hormone during pregnancy? Answer: It stimulates
corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone.
◉ A 3-week-old male infant is brought to the ER with projectile
vomiting and irritability. The mother said that he seems to be
hungry a lot but vomits after, and it has gotten worse over 2-3 days.
She also notes he is constipated. The most likely diagnosis is:
Answer: pyloric stenosis.
◉ Clinical manifestations of new onset, uncomplicated
gastroesophageal reflux disease include: Answer: heartburn and
sour taste in mouth.
◉ A man is seropositive for viral hepatitis type D, which means
Answer: he has a coinfection with viral hepatitis type B.
,◉ An incoherent female patient with a history of hypothyroidism is
brought to the emergency department by the rescue squad. Physical
and laboratory findings reveal hypothermia, hypoventilation,
respiratory acidosis, bradycardia, hypotension, and nonpitting
edema of the face and pretibial area. Knowing that these findings
suggest severe hypothyroidism, emergency action is taken to
prevent the potential complication of: Answer: myxedema coma.
◉ A 50-year-old man is complaining of paresthesias in his hands and
feet. He has noted over the years that his hands have gotten larger.
On physical exam, he is noted to have a very deep voice, and his
forehead and jaw protrude. His hands and feet are large. Acromegaly
is suspected. What other manifestation could occur with acromegaly
that is one of the primary causes of death? Answer: Cardiomyopathy
◉ When serum glucose levels increase, what are the normal
physiologic responses? Answer: Glucagon release is inhibited, and
insulin is released.
◉ A woman is diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia. Where would
her pain be located? Answer: Cheek and mandibular area
◉ A patient reports that he senses that he is detached from society.
His family reports he doesn't seem to enjoy many experiences. These
symptoms are a description of: Answer: anhedonia.
,◉ Which of the following neurologic disorders is characterized by
cortical nerve cell processes that have become twisted and dilated?
Answer: Alzheimer disease
◉ Which of the following statements by a patient with osteoarthritis
indicates that the patient understands how to slow the progression
of the disease? Answer: I will start water aerobics 3 times a week.
◉ Changes that occur in the cartilage as a result of aging includes:
Answer: decreased water content.
◉ Which of the following statements describes osteoprotegerin
(OPG)? Answer: It acts as a RANKL receptor decoy.
◉ Which of the following lesions are generally found in fair-skinned
individuals and are considered precursors to squamous cell
carcinoma? Answer: Actinic keratosis
◉ Which cells of the dermis release histamine? A Answer: Mast cells
◉ A 60-year-old man is diagnosed with seborrheic keratosis. These
lesions are: Answer: smooth or warty and benign.
, ◉ An infection around the base or sides of the nail is termed:
Answer: paronychia.
◉ Lesions located on the extensor surfaces of a 55-year-old man that
are well demarcated, thick, silvery, scaly, and bleed easily are
characterized as: Answer: plaque psoriasis
◉ A 16-year-old with acne vulgaris wants to know why she needs to
take antibiotics for acne because she thought it was more of a
problem with oiliness. You explain: Answer: acne is associated with
a bacterial infection in the follicles and sebaceous glands.
◉ A 20-year-old just returned from backpacking throughout the
country. He was staying in campgrounds and hostels. He states he
had unprotected sex twice. He comes in complaining of severe
itching, which is worse at night. On examination, he has light-brown
streaks around his waistline (top of pants), and the lesions are
crusting and erythematous. There are also lesions between his
fingers in the webs and genital area. The genital lesions are not
vesicular or sharply demarcated. The diagnosis is: Answer: scabies
◉ A 35-year-old woman is complaining of itchy, red, and watery eyes
and sneezing with clear nasal discharge. She denies a cough, fever,
sore throat, or facial pain. She has a history of type 1 diabetes
mellitus, and she had asthma when she was a child. The cause of this
conjunctivitis is: Answer: allergies
REVISION NOTES AND STRUCTURED
ADVANCED NURSING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OVERVIEW GUIDE
◉ Human chorionic gonadotropin is generally detected in some
pregnancy tests, and a positive result reflects pregnancy. What is the
purpose of this hormone during pregnancy? Answer: It stimulates
corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone.
◉ A 3-week-old male infant is brought to the ER with projectile
vomiting and irritability. The mother said that he seems to be
hungry a lot but vomits after, and it has gotten worse over 2-3 days.
She also notes he is constipated. The most likely diagnosis is:
Answer: pyloric stenosis.
◉ Clinical manifestations of new onset, uncomplicated
gastroesophageal reflux disease include: Answer: heartburn and
sour taste in mouth.
◉ A man is seropositive for viral hepatitis type D, which means
Answer: he has a coinfection with viral hepatitis type B.
,◉ An incoherent female patient with a history of hypothyroidism is
brought to the emergency department by the rescue squad. Physical
and laboratory findings reveal hypothermia, hypoventilation,
respiratory acidosis, bradycardia, hypotension, and nonpitting
edema of the face and pretibial area. Knowing that these findings
suggest severe hypothyroidism, emergency action is taken to
prevent the potential complication of: Answer: myxedema coma.
◉ A 50-year-old man is complaining of paresthesias in his hands and
feet. He has noted over the years that his hands have gotten larger.
On physical exam, he is noted to have a very deep voice, and his
forehead and jaw protrude. His hands and feet are large. Acromegaly
is suspected. What other manifestation could occur with acromegaly
that is one of the primary causes of death? Answer: Cardiomyopathy
◉ When serum glucose levels increase, what are the normal
physiologic responses? Answer: Glucagon release is inhibited, and
insulin is released.
◉ A woman is diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia. Where would
her pain be located? Answer: Cheek and mandibular area
◉ A patient reports that he senses that he is detached from society.
His family reports he doesn't seem to enjoy many experiences. These
symptoms are a description of: Answer: anhedonia.
,◉ Which of the following neurologic disorders is characterized by
cortical nerve cell processes that have become twisted and dilated?
Answer: Alzheimer disease
◉ Which of the following statements by a patient with osteoarthritis
indicates that the patient understands how to slow the progression
of the disease? Answer: I will start water aerobics 3 times a week.
◉ Changes that occur in the cartilage as a result of aging includes:
Answer: decreased water content.
◉ Which of the following statements describes osteoprotegerin
(OPG)? Answer: It acts as a RANKL receptor decoy.
◉ Which of the following lesions are generally found in fair-skinned
individuals and are considered precursors to squamous cell
carcinoma? Answer: Actinic keratosis
◉ Which cells of the dermis release histamine? A Answer: Mast cells
◉ A 60-year-old man is diagnosed with seborrheic keratosis. These
lesions are: Answer: smooth or warty and benign.
, ◉ An infection around the base or sides of the nail is termed:
Answer: paronychia.
◉ Lesions located on the extensor surfaces of a 55-year-old man that
are well demarcated, thick, silvery, scaly, and bleed easily are
characterized as: Answer: plaque psoriasis
◉ A 16-year-old with acne vulgaris wants to know why she needs to
take antibiotics for acne because she thought it was more of a
problem with oiliness. You explain: Answer: acne is associated with
a bacterial infection in the follicles and sebaceous glands.
◉ A 20-year-old just returned from backpacking throughout the
country. He was staying in campgrounds and hostels. He states he
had unprotected sex twice. He comes in complaining of severe
itching, which is worse at night. On examination, he has light-brown
streaks around his waistline (top of pants), and the lesions are
crusting and erythematous. There are also lesions between his
fingers in the webs and genital area. The genital lesions are not
vesicular or sharply demarcated. The diagnosis is: Answer: scabies
◉ A 35-year-old woman is complaining of itchy, red, and watery eyes
and sneezing with clear nasal discharge. She denies a cough, fever,
sore throat, or facial pain. She has a history of type 1 diabetes
mellitus, and she had asthma when she was a child. The cause of this
conjunctivitis is: Answer: allergies
