NUR 155 Foundations of Nursing
Exam 1
2026/2027 (Newly Released)
Q1: Who is considered the founder of modern nursing and established the first nursing
philosophy based on environmental factors?
A. Clara Barton
B. Dorothea Dix
C. Florence Nightingale
D. Virginia Henderson [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Florence Nightingale is known as the founder of modern nursing. She emphasized the
importance of a clean environment (fresh air, light, cleanliness) in promoting patient healing.
Q2: Which historical nurse founded the American Red Cross?
A. Florence Nightingale
B. Clara Barton
C. Mary Mahoney
D. Lillian Wald [CORRECT]
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 after providing aid during the
Civil War.
Q3: According to Patricia Benner’s theory of nursing expertise, a nurse who has "intuitive grasp"
and operates from a deep understanding of the situation is practicing at which level?
A. Novice
B. Advanced Beginner
C. Competent
D. Expert [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In Benner's "From Novice to Expert" theory, the Expert nurse operates from a deep,
intuitive understanding of the situation and no longer relies on rules or guidelines to make
decisions.
Q4: Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory focuses on:
A. Caring for the whole person, mind, body, and spirit.
B. The patient’s ability to perform self-care activities to maintain life and health.
C. Adaptation of the patient to environmental changes.
D. The nurse-patient relationship. [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Orem's theory states that nursing is required when a patient is unable to perform self-
care activities (deficit) to maintain life, health, and well-being.
Q5: Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring emphasizes the:
A. Promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of the sick.
B. Humanistic aspects of nursing and the caring relationship between nurse and patient.
C. Adaptation of the patient to internal and external stimuli.
D. Interaction between the nurse, patient, and environment. [CORRECT]
.
, Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Watson's theory centers on the "caring moment" and the humanistic, altruistic value
system of nursing, focusing on the nurse-patient relationship.
Q6: Which of the following is included in the American Nurses Association (ANA) Standards of
Professional Performance?
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Education
D. Implementation [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Standards of Professional Performance (Standards 7-16) include quality of
practice, education, professional practice evaluation, collegiality, collaboration, ethics, research,
resource utilization, and leadership. Assessment, Diagnosis, and Implementation are part of the
Standards of Care.
Q7: The Nurse Practice Act (NPA) is best described as:
A. A voluntary code of ethics for nurses.
B. A set of national guidelines for nursing education.
C. A law enacted by each state legislature that defines the scope of nursing practice.
D. The policy manual of a specific hospital. [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Nurse Practice Act is a state law that defines the legal scope of nursing practice,
licensure requirements, and standards for safe practice.
.
Exam 1
2026/2027 (Newly Released)
Q1: Who is considered the founder of modern nursing and established the first nursing
philosophy based on environmental factors?
A. Clara Barton
B. Dorothea Dix
C. Florence Nightingale
D. Virginia Henderson [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Florence Nightingale is known as the founder of modern nursing. She emphasized the
importance of a clean environment (fresh air, light, cleanliness) in promoting patient healing.
Q2: Which historical nurse founded the American Red Cross?
A. Florence Nightingale
B. Clara Barton
C. Mary Mahoney
D. Lillian Wald [CORRECT]
,Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 after providing aid during the
Civil War.
Q3: According to Patricia Benner’s theory of nursing expertise, a nurse who has "intuitive grasp"
and operates from a deep understanding of the situation is practicing at which level?
A. Novice
B. Advanced Beginner
C. Competent
D. Expert [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In Benner's "From Novice to Expert" theory, the Expert nurse operates from a deep,
intuitive understanding of the situation and no longer relies on rules or guidelines to make
decisions.
Q4: Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory focuses on:
A. Caring for the whole person, mind, body, and spirit.
B. The patient’s ability to perform self-care activities to maintain life and health.
C. Adaptation of the patient to environmental changes.
D. The nurse-patient relationship. [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Orem's theory states that nursing is required when a patient is unable to perform self-
care activities (deficit) to maintain life, health, and well-being.
Q5: Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring emphasizes the:
A. Promotion of health, prevention of illness, and care of the sick.
B. Humanistic aspects of nursing and the caring relationship between nurse and patient.
C. Adaptation of the patient to internal and external stimuli.
D. Interaction between the nurse, patient, and environment. [CORRECT]
.
, Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Watson's theory centers on the "caring moment" and the humanistic, altruistic value
system of nursing, focusing on the nurse-patient relationship.
Q6: Which of the following is included in the American Nurses Association (ANA) Standards of
Professional Performance?
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Education
D. Implementation [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Standards of Professional Performance (Standards 7-16) include quality of
practice, education, professional practice evaluation, collegiality, collaboration, ethics, research,
resource utilization, and leadership. Assessment, Diagnosis, and Implementation are part of the
Standards of Care.
Q7: The Nurse Practice Act (NPA) is best described as:
A. A voluntary code of ethics for nurses.
B. A set of national guidelines for nursing education.
C. A law enacted by each state legislature that defines the scope of nursing practice.
D. The policy manual of a specific hospital. [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Nurse Practice Act is a state law that defines the legal scope of nursing practice,
licensure requirements, and standards for safe practice.
.
