BIOL 1412 - Topic 11_ The Respiratory System WITH EXCELLENT ANSWERS

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Chemical Control


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Factor in Regulating Breathing;
◦ blood gases, chemoreceptors


1. peripheral chemoreceptors
2. central chemoreceptors




Respiration


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, The exchange of air
- Atm <-> lungs <-> blood <-> cells


Includes:
• 1. pulmonary ventilation
a) inspiration b) expiration
• 2. external respiration
• 3. internal respiration




Pulmonary Ventilation


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• ATM <-> Lungs
• 1. quiet inspiration
• 2. forced inspiration
• 3. quiet expiration
• 4. forced expiration

Lungs don't collapse because Pip is always below Palv (in a healthy person)




Set rate, depth, and rhythm of breathing


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, Part of respiratory control:

◦ respiratory centre in medullar oblongata


◦ regulation not well understood -> presence of pacemaker has not been
reliably demonstrated in adults

◦ 2 groups of neurons -> ventral (VRG) and dorsal (DRG) respiratory groups
- VRG: expiratory + inspiratory neurons; DRG receives input from
chemoreceptors and modifies VRG output; VRG also generates rate




Tidal Volume (TV)


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A lung volume;
- inspired or expired air, quiet respiration; ~500mL




Lung Volumes


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a) tidal volume (TV) - inspired or expired air, quiet respiration; ~500mL

b) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - excess over TV taken in on max
inspiration (~3000mL)

c) expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - excess air over TV pushed out on max
expiration (~1200mL)

d) residual volume (RV)
volume of air • in lungs after max expiration (~1200mL)

e) minute respiratory volume (MRV)