Poland (1947) – a coalition government took power in 1945, but Stalin arrested all the non-Communist leaders in 1945, and the Communists
IGCSE forced the other non-Communists into exile.
Romania (1945–1947) – a left-wing coalition was elected in 1945; the Communists gradually took over control.
Hungary (1947) – Stalin allowed elections, in which the non-communists won a big majority. However, some communists were elected, led by a
HISTORY pro-Russian called Rakosi. Rakosi now started demanding that groups which opposed him should be banned. If not, he hinted, the Russians would
take over the country. Then he got control of the police and started to arrest his opponents. By 1947 Rakosi had complete control over Hungary.
Czechoslovakia (1945–48) – a left-wing coalition was elected in 1945. In 1948, the Communists banned all other parties and killed their leaders.
1946 a Civil War started in Greece. Government was supported by British troops Fighting against During 1946–47, Stalin made
Stalin took total control bit
Communists. STALIN’S SALAMI sure that Communist
GREECE by bit – as Rakosi said in
Feb 1947: British could no longer afford to keep supporting Greece. TATICS governments came to power in
Hungary, ‘like slicing
March 1947: Truman appeals to Congress, the US agree to pay for the British soldiers to stay in all the countries of eastern
salami’.
Greece. Truman also thought Turkey was in danger from Soviet Expansion. Congress votes to Stalin’s thought the anti-communist 1. Cut diplomatic ties Europe (the countries which
give aid to Turkey as well. aims behind Marshall Aid would 2. Divided Europe into two camps Russia had conquered in 1945).
weaken his hold on Eastern Europe. 3. Warning to USA about the He said ‘a shadow’ had fallen on eastern Europe,
America and Russia stopped short of war. 5 June 1947: George Marshall says $17 billion needed to danger of the USSR which was now cut off from the free world by ‘ an
They didn’t declare war; but they did everything WHY WAS IT CALLED rebuild poverty-stricken Europe. iron curtain’. Behind that line, he said, the people
to oppose each other. It lasted until 1989. October 1947: Stalin sets up Cominform. CHURCHILL’S FULTON of eastern Europe were ‘subject to Soviet influence
THE COLD WAR?
December 1947: Truman puts Marshall’s plan to SPEECH . . . totalitarian control [and] police governments’.
congress – rejected.
10 March 1948: Jan Masaryk dead (pro-American). 5 March 1946 The Russians are determined to destroy the
April 1948: Congress approved Marshall Aid – 13.5 American way of life and will do everything they
What they believed (ideologies) Billion available to any country that needed it over a could to oppose America.
By George Kennan
period of 4 years. 16 countries joined.
Aims This is the greatest threat the US has ever faced.
CAUSES OF THE COLD THE LONG TELEGRAM
THE MARSHALL PLAN + TRUMAN DOCTRINE
WAR
Resentment about history The Soviets can be beaten.
22 February 1946
Events The Soviets must be stopped.
THE ORIGINS OF THE
• Germany and Berlin divided into 4 zones. This can be done without going to war.
• Liberated European countries to hold free
COLD WAR
elections (to be respected by everyone). The way to do it is by educating the public against
• USSR should receive the Balkans, and YALTA CONFERENCE Communism, and by making people wealthy,
Eastern Europe seen as a ‘Soviet sphere of happy and free.
influence’ to protect Russia.
February 1945
• Stalin to help USA in war against Japan in
return for occupation zones in North Korea and POTSDAM CONFERENCE
Manchuria. The first ever atomic bomb gave the Americans a
• Soviets joined UN – 3 votes + seat on security July 1945 huge military advantage over everyone else. It also
council. meant that Truman didn't need Stalin's help in
• New Polish ‘compromise coalition’ government • Formalized agreement about what to do with Japan. Instead, Truman's main aim at the
Germany: Dividing AND berlin the country into 4. conference was to find out from Stalin what date the
installed "on a broader democratic basis”. ROOSEVELT DIES ATOMIC BOMB TESTED
USSR manipulated coalition in favour of • The Nazi Party was banned, and its former Russians intended to enter the war in the Pacific.
communists and no London Poles were leaders would be tried as war criminals. 21 July 1945
April 1945 • UN was formally created with the treaty of San
involved.
Francisco, 51 countries signed. Germany – They couldn’t decide how to divide
• Commission set up to look into reparations for Roosevelt is replaced
• Germans living in Poland, Hungary and Germany. Stalin wanted to cripple Germany, but
Germany. by Harry Truman.
Czechoslovakia were to be returned to Germany. Truman didn’t want to make same mistake of the
• Nazi war criminals to be prosecuted at Truman is incredibly
• Poland was to lose some territory in the east to DISAGREEMENTS AT TOV.
Nuremberg. distrustful of Stalin and
the USSR, though disagreements continued over POSTSAM Reparations – Stalin wanted compensation from
believes the USSR Germany as 20 million Russians had died in the
intends to take over the Poland, as the Red Army remained there.
war. Truman was determined not to repeat the
whole of • Council of Foreign Ministers was set up to help
mistakes at the end of WW1 and resisted Stalin’s
Europe. rebuild war torn Europe.
demands.
• USSR was allowed to take reparations from its
Eastern Europe – At Yalta it was agreed Stalin
Zone in Germany.
could set up pro-soviet governments in Eastern
• The Nazi Party, government and laws were to be
Europe. However, Truman was very unhappy
destroyed, and 'German education shall be so
with Russian intentions and soon adopted a ‘get
controlled as completely to eliminate Nazi
tough’ attitude towards Stalin.
doctrines.
IGCSE forced the other non-Communists into exile.
Romania (1945–1947) – a left-wing coalition was elected in 1945; the Communists gradually took over control.
Hungary (1947) – Stalin allowed elections, in which the non-communists won a big majority. However, some communists were elected, led by a
HISTORY pro-Russian called Rakosi. Rakosi now started demanding that groups which opposed him should be banned. If not, he hinted, the Russians would
take over the country. Then he got control of the police and started to arrest his opponents. By 1947 Rakosi had complete control over Hungary.
Czechoslovakia (1945–48) – a left-wing coalition was elected in 1945. In 1948, the Communists banned all other parties and killed their leaders.
1946 a Civil War started in Greece. Government was supported by British troops Fighting against During 1946–47, Stalin made
Stalin took total control bit
Communists. STALIN’S SALAMI sure that Communist
GREECE by bit – as Rakosi said in
Feb 1947: British could no longer afford to keep supporting Greece. TATICS governments came to power in
Hungary, ‘like slicing
March 1947: Truman appeals to Congress, the US agree to pay for the British soldiers to stay in all the countries of eastern
salami’.
Greece. Truman also thought Turkey was in danger from Soviet Expansion. Congress votes to Stalin’s thought the anti-communist 1. Cut diplomatic ties Europe (the countries which
give aid to Turkey as well. aims behind Marshall Aid would 2. Divided Europe into two camps Russia had conquered in 1945).
weaken his hold on Eastern Europe. 3. Warning to USA about the He said ‘a shadow’ had fallen on eastern Europe,
America and Russia stopped short of war. 5 June 1947: George Marshall says $17 billion needed to danger of the USSR which was now cut off from the free world by ‘ an
They didn’t declare war; but they did everything WHY WAS IT CALLED rebuild poverty-stricken Europe. iron curtain’. Behind that line, he said, the people
to oppose each other. It lasted until 1989. October 1947: Stalin sets up Cominform. CHURCHILL’S FULTON of eastern Europe were ‘subject to Soviet influence
THE COLD WAR?
December 1947: Truman puts Marshall’s plan to SPEECH . . . totalitarian control [and] police governments’.
congress – rejected.
10 March 1948: Jan Masaryk dead (pro-American). 5 March 1946 The Russians are determined to destroy the
April 1948: Congress approved Marshall Aid – 13.5 American way of life and will do everything they
What they believed (ideologies) Billion available to any country that needed it over a could to oppose America.
By George Kennan
period of 4 years. 16 countries joined.
Aims This is the greatest threat the US has ever faced.
CAUSES OF THE COLD THE LONG TELEGRAM
THE MARSHALL PLAN + TRUMAN DOCTRINE
WAR
Resentment about history The Soviets can be beaten.
22 February 1946
Events The Soviets must be stopped.
THE ORIGINS OF THE
• Germany and Berlin divided into 4 zones. This can be done without going to war.
• Liberated European countries to hold free
COLD WAR
elections (to be respected by everyone). The way to do it is by educating the public against
• USSR should receive the Balkans, and YALTA CONFERENCE Communism, and by making people wealthy,
Eastern Europe seen as a ‘Soviet sphere of happy and free.
influence’ to protect Russia.
February 1945
• Stalin to help USA in war against Japan in
return for occupation zones in North Korea and POTSDAM CONFERENCE
Manchuria. The first ever atomic bomb gave the Americans a
• Soviets joined UN – 3 votes + seat on security July 1945 huge military advantage over everyone else. It also
council. meant that Truman didn't need Stalin's help in
• New Polish ‘compromise coalition’ government • Formalized agreement about what to do with Japan. Instead, Truman's main aim at the
Germany: Dividing AND berlin the country into 4. conference was to find out from Stalin what date the
installed "on a broader democratic basis”. ROOSEVELT DIES ATOMIC BOMB TESTED
USSR manipulated coalition in favour of • The Nazi Party was banned, and its former Russians intended to enter the war in the Pacific.
communists and no London Poles were leaders would be tried as war criminals. 21 July 1945
April 1945 • UN was formally created with the treaty of San
involved.
Francisco, 51 countries signed. Germany – They couldn’t decide how to divide
• Commission set up to look into reparations for Roosevelt is replaced
• Germans living in Poland, Hungary and Germany. Stalin wanted to cripple Germany, but
Germany. by Harry Truman.
Czechoslovakia were to be returned to Germany. Truman didn’t want to make same mistake of the
• Nazi war criminals to be prosecuted at Truman is incredibly
• Poland was to lose some territory in the east to DISAGREEMENTS AT TOV.
Nuremberg. distrustful of Stalin and
the USSR, though disagreements continued over POSTSAM Reparations – Stalin wanted compensation from
believes the USSR Germany as 20 million Russians had died in the
intends to take over the Poland, as the Red Army remained there.
war. Truman was determined not to repeat the
whole of • Council of Foreign Ministers was set up to help
mistakes at the end of WW1 and resisted Stalin’s
Europe. rebuild war torn Europe.
demands.
• USSR was allowed to take reparations from its
Eastern Europe – At Yalta it was agreed Stalin
Zone in Germany.
could set up pro-soviet governments in Eastern
• The Nazi Party, government and laws were to be
Europe. However, Truman was very unhappy
destroyed, and 'German education shall be so
with Russian intentions and soon adopted a ‘get
controlled as completely to eliminate Nazi
tough’ attitude towards Stalin.
doctrines.
